L-Carnitine

L-Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation, improving energy metabolism and protecting mitochondria. It supports stamina, cognition, and metabolic recovery in athletic and clinical contexts.

- Address fatigue, brain fog, or poor recovery

- Support metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, or fatty liver

- Seek mitochondrial support for aging/endurance

Mechanism of Action

How this peptide works in the body

Facilitation of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Transport and Oxidation

L-Carnitine forms esters with long-chain fatty acids via CPT-I on the outer mitochondrial membrane, producing acylcarnitines that are translocated by CACT into the mitochondrial matrix. Once inside, CPT-II regenerates free carnitine and acyl-CoA, allowing β-oxidation and ATP generation. This mechanism is critical for maintaining energy production in muscle, liver, and heart under stress or fasting.

Preservation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Function

Carnitine stabilizes mitochondrial membranes by reducing acyl-CoA accumulation, which can be toxic at high concentrations. It enhances NADH/NAD⁺ turnover and supports mitochondrial respiratory chain efficiency. In oxidative environments, it prevents mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, reducing apoptotic signaling and preserving mitochondrial integrity.

Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Ectopic Fat Deposition

By increasing fatty acid oxidation, L-Carnitine reduces intracellular lipid accumulation, especially in the liver and skeletal muscle. It downregulates SREBP-1c and upregulates PPAR-α, shifting cellular metabolism toward lipid catabolism. This helps improve insulin sensitivity and reduce hepatic steatosis.

Reduction of Oxidative Stress and Enhancement of Antioxidant Defense

L-Carnitine increases activity of key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx) and reduces ROS generation via improved mitochondrial efficiency. It scavenges lipid peroxides and protects cardiolipin---a key phospholipid in mitochondrial membranes---from peroxidation. This supports tissues with high oxidative demand, including the brain, heart, and kidneys.

Support of Neurotransmitter Balance and Neuroprotection

In neuronal cells, L-Carnitine (particularly acetyl-L-carnitine) enhances acetylcholine synthesis, increases NGF receptor sensitivity, and supports mitochondrial function in axonal transport. It reduces glutamate excitotoxicity and improves dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex, contributing to better cognition and mood regulation.