Thymosin Alpha-1

TA-1 is a synthetic thymic peptide that enhances T-cell and NK cell activity, balances cytokines, and supports antigen presentation. It’s used for viral infections, cancer, immune restoration, and as a vaccine adjuvant.

- Enhance immune response and T-cell activity

- Support antiviral defense and inflammation control

Mechanism of Action

How this peptide works in the body

T-Cell Maturation and Function:

Thymosin Alpha-1 enhances T-cell differentiation and activation by stimulating T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, leading to ZAP-70 phosphorylation and activation of downstream NFAT and AP-1 transcription factors. It upregulates IL-2 receptor (CD25) expression, promoting T-cell proliferation, survival, and cytokine release, essential for adaptive immune responses.

Natural Killer (NK) Cell Stimulation:

Thymosin Alpha-1 enhances natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity by increasing the expression of NKG2D and NKp46 activating receptors, promoting the release of perforin and granzyme B. This facilitates target cell lysis, improving the immune system's ability to eliminate virally infected and malignant cells.

Cytokine Regulation:

Thymosin Alpha-1 modulates NF-κB and STAT3/STAT5 pathways, balancing pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines. This prevents excessive immune activation while maintaining a strong response to infections, reducing chronic inflammation and autoimmunity risks.

MHC Class I and II Upregulation:

Thymosin Alpha-1 increases major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II expression by activating interferon regulatory factors (IRF1/IRF8). This enhances antigen presentation by dendritic cells and macrophages, improving immune surveillance and T-cell recognition of pathogens and tumor cells.