Thymulin

Also known as: Facteur Thymique Sérum (FTS); Thymic Serum Factor

Overview

Thymulin is a zinc-dependent thymic hormone that regulates T-cell maturation and immune tolerance. It supports immune balance and reduces inflammation in autoimmune and aging-related immune dysfunction.

Benefits

- Enhances T-cell differentiation

- Reduces autoimmune inflammation

- Promotes immune recovery

- Delays immune aging

- Improves immune tolerance

Consider This Peptide If You Want To

- Recover from chronic infections or immune suppression

- Rebalance inflammation or autoimmune response

Dosage & Administration

Dosage Guidelines

Recommended Dosage

• Amount:1 mg

• Frequency:weekdays

• Duration:8 weeks

• Rest Period:8 weeks

• Time of Day:morning

• Ingestion:subcutaneous

Administration Routes:Subcutaneous

Research Findings on Dosage:

Subcutaneous Administration

• Commonly Reported Dosage:

◦ General Immune Support: 1 mg daily for 2 weeks, followed by 1 mg three times weekly for up to 4 months.

◦ Acute Needs: Increase dosage to 5 mg daily as needed.

• Duration: 4--16 weeks depending on use case

Administration Notes:

• Best administered in the morning or during recovery periods; co-administration with zinc may improve bioactivity

• Experimental in many regions; primarily studied in animal and select human clinical contexts.

Mechanism of Action

How this peptide works in the body

Stimulation of T-cell Differentiation and Immune Maturation

Thymulin binds to specific receptors on immature thymocytes, promoting the expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8 surface markers. It enhances transcription of key regulators like GATA3 and TCF7 via zinc-facilitated chromatin remodeling at immune development loci. This leads to a balanced generation of helper and cytotoxic T cells, supporting both innate and adaptive immunity.

Modulation of Cytokine Profiles and Immune Balance

Thymulin reduces IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production while increasing IL-10 and TGF-β in dendritic cells and T-helper populations. These effects are mediated by inhibition of NF-κB signaling and increased expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3, promoting immune tolerance and resolution of inflammation in autoimmune contexts.

Enhancement of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Immune Axis Signaling

Thymulin interacts with hypothalamic astrocytes and pituitary corticotropes, increasing ACTH and modulating glucocorticoid output via CRH/ACTH feedback loops. This neuroimmune integration helps calibrate immune responses under stress or infection by modulating systemic corticosteroid tone.

Protection Against Immune Senescence and Thymic Involution

Thymulin delays age-related thymic atrophy by upregulating FOXN1 and reducing pro-apoptotic markers (e.g., BAX) in thymic epithelial cells. It stimulates IL-7 production and Notch1 signaling, preserving thymic architecture and maintaining a reservoir of naïve T cells in older organisms.

Consider Stacking With

- Thymalin

- Vladonix

- Epitalon

- Zhenoluten

- Endoluten

Side Effects & Cautions

Common Side Effects

- Rare mild injection irritation

Cautions

- Experimental status; use under supervision in immune-compromised cases

Research & References

Research Highlights

Bach et al., 1977: First identification of thymulin as a thymus-derived immune modulator

Goya et al., 1992: Reported immune enhancement and anti-inflammatory effects in aging and infection models

Fabris et al., 2002: Showed thymulin gene therapy reversed immunosenescence in murine models

Lévi et al., 2011: Described hypothalamic-pituitary modulation by thymulin in stress and immune rhythm regulation

References

Bach JF, et al. "Discovery and initial characterization of thymulin." Eur J Immunol. 1977.

Goya RG, et al. "Thymulin in neuroendocrine-immune interactions." Neuroimmunomodulation. 1992.

Fabris N, et al. "Gene therapy with thymulin delays immunosenescence." Gerontology. 2002.

Lévi FA, et al. "Chrono-immunomodulation by thymulin and endocrine feedback." J Endocrinol Invest. 2011.