Bibliography

Back to Metabolic & Cellular Health

Curated references for Metabolic & Cellular Health.

Mitochondrial Function

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Methylene Blue

  1. Rodriguez P, et al. Methylene blue modulates functional connectivity in the human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016. (fMRI study documenting acute cognitive effects in healthy adults)
  2. Gonzalez-Lima F, Barksdale BR, Rojas JC. Mitochondrial respiration as a target for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2014. (Review of methylene blue's hormetic effects and therapeutic window)
  3. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Serious CNS reactions possible when methylene blue is given to patients taking certain psychiatric medications. Updated 2016. (Black Box Warning documentation)
  4. Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Low-level light therapy improves cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2012. (Comparison of methylene blue with red light therapy effects)

NAD+

  1. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. 2. Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF. NAD+ in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):630-655. 3. Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. 2022;8:5. 4. Yi L, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43. 5. Vinten AGH, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990. 6. Shade C. The science behind NMN-A stable, reliable NAD+ activator and anti-aging molecule. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020;19(1):12-14. 7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: The in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. 8. Nacarelli T, et al. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:397-407. 9. Maric T, et al. Nicotinamide riboside activates a futile cycle in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12 Supplement):3149. 10. Elhassan YS, et al. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation is not associated with altered methylation homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience. 2023;26(2):106076. 11. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJ, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7):e13943. 12. Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Chini EN. NAD+ metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14170. 13. Alijani N, Yousefi M, Bazshahi E, et al. Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Human Sirtuin 1: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(9):1299-1314.

General

  1. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528.
  2. Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF. NAD+ in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):630-655.
  3. Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. 2022;8:5.
  4. Yi L, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43.
  5. Vinten AGH, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990.
  6. Shade C. The science behind NMN-A stable, reliable NAD+ activator and anti-aging molecule. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020;19(1):12-14.
  7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: The in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547.
  8. Nacarelli T, et al. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:397-407.
  9. Maric T, et al. Nicotinamide riboside activates a futile cycle in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12 Supplement):3149.
  10. Elhassan YS, et al. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation is not associated with altered methylation homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience. 2023;26(2):106076.
  11. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJ, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7):e13943.
  12. Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Chini EN. NAD+ metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14170.
  13. Alijani N, Yousefi M, Bazshahi E, et al. Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Human Sirtuin 1: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(9):1299-1314.