Bibliography

Back to Peptides

Curated references for Peptides.

General

  1. Garaci, E. Thymosin Alpha 1: Biological Activities, Clinical Utility, Emerging Perspectives. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007.
  2. Getting, S.J. Melanocortin Peptides and Their Receptors: New Targets for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2002.
  3. Khavinson, V., et al. Peptide Bioregulators in Gerontology and Geriatrics. Biogerontology. 2001.
  4. Systematic Reviews and Human Safety Analysis
  5. Tochigi, Y., et al. (2025). "Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157" (Discusses positive publication rate and angiogenesis cancer risk quotes).
  6. Sems, S. A., et al. (2025). "Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopedic Recovery" (Reviews knee pain pilot study outcomes).
  7. Veljaca, A., et al. (2025). "Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC-157 in Healthy Volunteers" (Pilot study cited regarding 20 mg IV safety in 2 healthy adults).
  8. Key Mechanism of Action Studies
  9. Hsieh, M. J., et al. (2020). "Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on nitric oxide system" (Reports paper demonstrating NO-dependent vessel regulation).
  10. Chang, C. H., et al. (2014). "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances Growth Hormone Receptor Expression" (Source of the sevenfold increase in growth hormone receptor claim).
  11. Chang, C. H., et al. (2011). "The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon-to-bone healing" Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 29(3), 774-780. (Source of the FAK-paxillin pathway findings).
  12. Foundational Preclinical Efficacy (The Zagreb Data)
  13. Sikiric, P., et al. (2018). "Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157" Current Neuropharmacology, 16(1), 1-14. (Overview of the healing across multiple tissues effect).
  14. Sikiric, P., et al. (2013). "Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157" Journal of Physiology Paris, 107(5). (Detailed toxicity testing showing no LD50).
  15. Vukojevic, J., et al. (2018). "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the nervous system" Regulatory Peptides, 247. (Traumatic brain injury and nervous system recovery models).
  16. Regulatory and Clinical Trial Documents
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023). "Bulk Drug Substances Category 2" (Guidance document placing BPC-157 in Category 2 due to safety risks).
  18. World Anti-Doping Agency (2022). "The World Anti-Doping Code" (Classification of BPC-157 as a non-approved substance, S0).
  19. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02637284. "Safety and Pharmacokinetics of BPC-157 in Healthy Volunteers." (The canceled Phase I trial from Tijuana).
  20. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (2024). "Arbitration Decision in the Matter of a U.S. Speedskater" (Case study of the U.S. speedskater sanctioned for BPC-157 use).

BPC-157

  1. Tochigi, Y., et al. (2025). "Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing." Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 47(8), 330-345. (Source of the "100% positive publication rate" and angiogenesis cancer risk quotes).
  2. Sems, S. A., et al. (2025). "Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(7). (Analyzed 36 preclinical studies; detailed the knee pain pilot study outcomes).
  3. Veljaca, A., et al. (2025). "Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study." Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 31(6). (The pilot study cited regarding 20 mg IV safety in 2 healthy adults).
  4. Hsieh, M. J., et al. (2020). "Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway." Scientific Reports, 10(1), 17078. (The "Nature Scientific Reports" paper demonstrating NO-dependent vessel regulation).
  5. Chang, C. H., et al. (2014). "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts." Molecules, 19(11), 19066-19077. (Source of the "sevenfold increase in growth hormone receptor" claim).
  6. Chang, C. H., et al. (2011). "The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration." Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(3), 774-780. (Source of the FAK-paxillin pathway findings).
  7. Sikiric, P., et al. (2018). "Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications." Current Neuropharmacology, 14(8), 857-865. (Overview of the "healing across multiple tissues" effect).
  8. Sikiric, P., et al. (2013). "Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, Robert's Stomach Cytoprotection/Adaptive Cytoprotection/Organoprotection, and Selye's Stress." Life Sciences, 93(25-26). (Detailed toxicity testing showing no LD50).
  9. Vukojevic, J., et al. (2018). "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system." Neural Regeneration Research, 13(5). (Traumatic brain injury and nervous system recovery models).
  10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023). "Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act." (The document placing BPC-157 in Category 2 due to safety risks).
  11. World Anti-Doping Agency (2022). "The World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2022." (Classification of BPC-157 as a non-approved substance, S0).
  12. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02637284. "Safety and Pharmacokinetics of BPC-157 in Healthy Volunteers." (The "canceled" Phase I trial from Tijuana).
  13. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (2024). "Arbitration Decision in the Matter of Kamryn Lute." (Case study of the U.S. speedskater sanctioned for BPC-157 use).
  14. Gastric Protection and Healing in Ulcers (2021): Demonstrated accelerated mucosal healing in animal models of NSAID-induced gastric damage.
  15. Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Healing (2019): Showed faster recovery in tendon, ligament, and skeletal muscle injuries.
  16. Neuroprotection in Brain Trauma (2010): Reduced brain edema, improved consciousness, and decreased mortality in TBI animal models.
  17. Gut-Brain Axis Study (2016): Highlighted its role in reducing intestinal inflammation and promoting neural recovery.
  18. Chang, J.K. et al., "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6271067/
  19. Sikiric, P. et al., "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the Central Nervous System," Current Neuropharmacology, 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8504390/
  20. Seiwerth, S. et al., "Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing," Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.627533/full
  21. Chang, J.K. et al., "The Promoting Effect of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on Tendon Healing Involves Tendon Outgrowth, Cell Survival, and Cell Migration," Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010
  22. Pevec, D. et al., "Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Can Improve the Healing of Segmental Bone Defect," Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 2019. https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1242-6

KPV

  1. Getting, S.J. (2002). Melanocortin Peptides and Their Receptors: New Targets for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.
  2. KPV has demonstrated potent inhibition of NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production in human epithelial and bronchial cell lines
  3. Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, et al. "PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation." Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294(4):G941-G949.
  4. Ichiyama T, Okada K, Lipton JM, Matsubara T, Hayashi T, Furukawa S. "α-MSH inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α production and NF-κB activation by a mechanism independent of cAMP." Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;290(5):R1401-R1407.
  5. Land SC, Greco KV, et al. "KPV inhibits NFκB signalling and related signals of systemic inflammation and lung remodelling in HBE cells." J Cell Biochem. 2012;113(5):1522-1531.
  6. Getting SJ. "Melanocortin peptides and their receptors: new targets for anti-inflammatory therapy." Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002;23(10):447-449.

Thymic Bioregulators

  1. Khavinson, V., et al. (2001). Peptide Bioregulators in Gerontology and Geriatrics. Biogerontology.

5-Amino-1MQ

  1. Pissios et al., 2018: Showed NNMT inhibition via 5-Amino-1MQ led to reduced fat mass and improved glucose handling in obese mice
  2. Hong et al., 2020: Demonstrated increased NAD+ and sirtuin activation following 5-Amino-1MQ administration
  3. Huang et al., 2021: Reported epigenetic remodeling and improved mitochondrial gene expression after NNMT inhibition
  4. Uddin et al., 2022: Noted enhanced white-to-beige adipocyte conversion and thermogenesis

ACE 031

  1. Human Trial in Postmenopausal Women: Single dose increased lean body mass and improved biomarkers of bone formation.
  2. Cadena SM, et al. J Appl Physiol (2010)
  3. Relizani K, et al. Mol Ther (2014)
  4. Béchir N, et al. FASEB J (2016)
  5. Attie KM, et al. Muscle Nerve (2013)
  6. Morvan F, et al. PNAS (2017)
  7. Campbell C, et al. Muscle Nerve (2017)
  8. Puolakkainen T, et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord (2017)
  9. Bialek P, et al. Bone (2014)
  10. Lokireddy S, et al. Biochem J (2015)

Actovegin

  1. Neurological Recovery: Randomized trials in ischemic stroke patients showed improvements in cognitive outcomes and reduced inflammation.
  2. Gulevsky, A. et al., "Cellular Effects of Actovegin in Tissue Repair," Journal of Cellular Metabolism, 2022
  3. Nycomed Pharmaceutical Data, "Clinical Insights on Actovegin," 2021
  4. Smith, R. et al., "Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Actovegin," Neuroscience Reviews, 2023
  5. "Actovegin for Wound Healing," Peptide Sciences, 2024
  6. Sundberg, P. et al., "Role of Actovegin in Oxygen Utilization," Metabolism International, 2023

Adamax

  1. Campbell, J. Adamax & P21: Two New Nootropic Peptides to Watch Closely. 2020.
  2. Ceretropic Research Archive (Archived site materials pre-2018).
  3. Zhang, L. et al. Lipophilic Drug Delivery Enhancements via Adamantyl Modification. Molecules, 2018.

Aicar

  1. Yang, H. et al. (2019). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of AMPK Activators from Natural Products. Current Developments in Nutrition.
  2. Criscione, L. (2012). Science Translational Medicine, 4(131).
  3. Spurr, I. B. et al. (2012). ChemBioChem, 13(11):1628-1634.
  4. Hardie, D. G., & Carling, D. (1997). The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase - Fuel Gauge of the Mammalian Cell.
  5. Adamo, A. et al. (2006). Cell Stem Cell.
  6. Kanazawa, I. et al. (2008). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.
  7. Zang, M. et al. (2009). Journal of Neurochemistry.
  8. Chae, H. D. et al. (2008). Experimental Hematology.

AOD 9604

  1. Safety and Tolerability of AOD9604 in Humans (2013): Demonstrated no significant adverse effects or impact on IGF-1 levels, confirming AOD-9604's distinct action from hGH.
  2. Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice (2001): Showed AOD-9604's effectiveness in stimulating fat loss through enhanced β3-adrenergic receptor activity.
  3. Applications in Osteoarthritis (Recent): Highlighted AOD-9604 + HA's potential in promoting cartilage regeneration and chondrocyte activity.
  4. Safety and Metabolism of AOD9604 (2014): Chronic use in animal studies confirmed safety and effective fat metabolism regulation
  5. Central and Peripheral Molecular Targets for Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy (2011): Explored the mechanisms and potential of AOD-9604 in obesity treatment

Apelin 12

  1. Sato et al., 2012: Apelin-12 enhanced cardiac contractility and reduced vascular resistance in rodent heart failure models
  2. Zhang et al., 2015: Demonstrated improved glucose tolerance and mitochondrial performance with apelin-12 in obese mice
  3. Wang et al., 2018: Showed reduced endothelial inflammation and enhanced angiogenesis after ischemia
  4. Gao et al., 2020: Reported protection against oxidative injury and restoration of vascular tone in aging vessels
  5. Sato T, et al. "Apelin and cardiovascular homeostasis." J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2012.
  6. Zhang J, et al. "Metabolic and mitochondrial effects of apelin in insulin resistance." Diabetes. 2015.
  7. Wang W, et al. "Apelin-12 attenuates endothelial inflammation and supports angiogenesis." Atherosclerosis. 2018.
  8. Gao E, et al. "Anti-aging vascular effects of apelin signaling." Circ Res. 2020.

ARA 290

  1. Study Population: Patients with sarcoidosis-associated neuropathy.
  2. Well-tolerated in clinical trials with minimal side effects.
  3. Safety and Efficacy of ARA 290 in Sarcoidosis Patients with Symptoms of Small Fiber Neuropathy (PubMed)
  4. ARA 290 Improves Symptoms in Patients with Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Increases Corneal Nerve Fiber Density (PubMed)
  5. ARA 290 Improves Metabolic Control and Neuropathic Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (PubMed)

B7 33

  1. Anti-Fibrotic Effects in Cardiac Fibrosis (2017): Demonstrated reduced fibrosis and improved heart function in animal models.
  2. Lung Fibrosis Studies (2020): Highlighted the ability of B7-33 to inhibit excessive collagen production in pulmonary tissue.
  3. B7-33 as a Novel Anti-Fibrotic Therapy (2017): Demonstrated efficacy in reducing cardiac fibrosis and inflammation
  4. Relaxin Derivatives and Tissue Repair (2020): Explored the role of RXFP1 activation in promoting tissue regeneration

BAM 15

  1. Alexopoulos et al., 2020: BAM-15 increased energy expenditure and reduced obesity in mice without affecting food intake or causing toxicity
  2. Townsend et al., 2021: Reported decreased liver fat and improved glucose tolerance in obese mouse models
  3. Brand & Nicholls, 2019: Compared BAM-15 to DNP, showing selective mitochondrial uncoupling without hyperthermia
  4. Han et al., 2022: Demonstrated improved mitochondrial quality control and reduced inflammatory signaling
  5. Alexopoulos SJ, et al. "BAM15 mediates safe mitochondrial uncoupling and fat loss." Nat Commun. 2020.
  6. Townsend LK, et al. "Mitochondrial uncoupling and improved insulin sensitivity with BAM15." Cell Metab. 2021.
  7. Brand MD, Nicholls DG. "Comparative mechanisms of mitochondrial uncouplers." Trends Biochem Sci. 2019.
  8. Han X, et al. "BAM15 protects against inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction." Mol Metab. 2022.

Bonomarlot

  1. Clinical studies on Bonomarlot's peptide complex show increased hematopoietic cell counts and faster recovery in patients with low immunity
  2. Khavinson V. "Peptides and Ageing." Neuroendocrinology Letters, 2003
  3. Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. "Bone Marrow Peptides in Hematopoietic Restoration," Internal Monograph, 2011
  4. St. Petersburg Clinical Research Reports. "Cytomax A-20 Peptide Complex Applications in Hematology," 2015

Bonothyrk

  1. May support systemic homeostasis of mineral metabolism and cellular turnover in aging tissues
  2. Khavinson V. "Peptides in the Regulation of Aging." Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002
  3. St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. "Use of Peptide Bioregulators in Endocrine Gland Disorders." Clinical Monograph, 2016
  4. Orlov AV, et al. "Tissue-specific peptide preparations and their effects on metabolic and hormonal profiles." Biogerontology Research Bulletin, 2014

Bronchogen

  1. In a rat COPD model, Bronchogen normalized bronchial epithelial structure and reduced airway inflammation (Titova et al., 2017)
  2. Demonstrated selective binding to DNA and histones, modulating genes involved in bronchial repair (Core Peptides, 2024)
  3. Upregulation of Hoxa3 in aged epithelial cells correlated with enhanced differentiation and repair (Core Peptides, 2024)
  4. Increased surfactant protein B expression post-administration supported better alveolar function (Peptide Sciences, 2024)
  5. Titova ON, Kuzubova NA, Lebedeva ES, et al. Antiinflammatory and regenerative effect of peptide therapy in the model of obstructive lung pathology. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2017;103(2):201-208.
  6. Core Peptides. Bronchogen Peptide Studies in Relation to Bronchial Cells and Associated Systems. 2024.
  7. Peptide Sciences. Bronchogen 20mg (Bioregulator). 2024.
  8. PeptideBio. Bronchogen for the bronchopulmonary system. 2024.

Cagrilintide

  1. Phase 2 trials demonstrated a 15.6% mean weight reduction with Cagrilintide and semaglutide combination therapy over 32 weeks.
  2. Lutz, T.A. "Creating the Amylin Story." Appetite, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.105965
  3. Novo Nordisk, "Phase 2 Clinical Trial Results of Cagrilintide," 2024
  4. Jensen, J. et al., "Amylin Analogues in Obesity Management," Metabolism, 2023
  5. Smith, P. et al., "Cagrilintide and GLP-1 Synergy," Obesity Reviews, 2024

Cardiogen

  1. a. Shown to increase apoptosis in tumor cells, reducing sarcoma growth in preclinical studies.
  2. Khavinson, V.K., et al. "Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review." Molecules, 2021
  3. Chalisova, N.I., et al. "Effects of Cardiogen on Myocardial Tissue Proliferation in Rats." Advances in Gerontology, 2009
  4. Levdik, N.V., et al. "Tumor-Modifying Effects of Cardiogen in Sarcoma Models." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2009
  5. Kheĭfets, O.V., et al. "Peptidergic Regulation of Aging Prostate Glands." Advances in Gerontology, 2010

Cartalax

  1. Cartalax modulates gene expression related to cell proliferation and apoptosis, promoting fibroblast survival and cartilage regeneration
  2. Regulates MMP activity to protect extracellular matrix integrity and prevent cartilage degradation
  3. Demonstrates anti-senescence effects by downregulating aging markers and upregulating SIRT6 in connective tissue cells
  4. Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053.
  5. Core Peptides. Cartalax Peptide: Potential Implications for Cellular Aging, Renewal, and Resilience to Stress. 2025.
  6. Peptide Sciences. Cartalax 20mg (Bioregulator). 2024.
  7. Peptide Product. Cartalax - Synthesized Cartilaginous Tissue Peptide. 2024.

Cerebrolysin

  1. Neuroprotection in Stroke (2023): Reduced brain inflammation and improved recovery post-stroke in preclinical studies.
  2. Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's (2021): Significant reduction in beta-amyloid plaques and tau phosphorylation.
  3. Behavioral Improvements in Autism (2020): Improved social behavior and reduced repetitive actions in animal models.
  4. TBI Recovery (2019): Enhanced neuronal regeneration and synaptic density after brain injuries.
  5. Mood and Anxiety Regulation (2017): Demonstrated anti-anxiety and memory-enhancing effects in rodent models.
  6. "Neuroprotective Role of Cerebrolysin in TBI Recovery" - PubMed Link
  7. "Efficacy in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy" - PubMed Link
  8. "Behavioral Effects in Autism Models" - PubMed Link

Cerluten

  1. Reduced age-associated cellular senescence and enhanced mitochondrial antioxidant defense in cortical neurons
  2. Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053.
  3. Umnov RS, Linkova NS, Khavinson VK. Neuroprotective effects of peptide bioregulators in people of various ages. Adv Gerontol. 2013;26(4):671-678.
  4. Qi Supplements. Clinical Studies on Cerluten and Nervous System Restoration. 2024.
  5. Peptide Product. Cerluten - Peptide Complex for Brain Tissue. 2024.

Chelohart

  1. Regulates extracellular matrix remodeling, preserving structural integrity of the heart
  2. Supports mitochondrial function and reduces oxidative stress in cardiac cells
  3. Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053.

Chitomur

  1. Enhances mitochondrial antioxidant defense and reduces senescence markers in aging bladder cells
  2. Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053.
  3. Antiaging Systems. Chitomur - Peptide Complex for Bladder Health. 2024.
  4. Vita-Stream. Chitomur Peptide Bioregulator: Urological Support Review. 2024.
  5. Core Peptides. Cellular Effects of Chitomur in Bladder Epithelium and Muscle Cells. 2025.

Chonluten

  1. Downregulates NF-κB and TLR4 signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokine expression in airway epithelial cells
  2. Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Popovich IG. Molecular mechanisms of peptide bioregulators in lung regeneration. Biogerontology. 2021.
  3. Core Peptides. Chonluten: Respiratory Bioregulation Studies. 2024.
  4. Peptide Therapeutics Review. Chonluten and Lung Epithelium in Chronic Inflammatory Conditions. 2023.
  5. Vita-Stream. Chonluten Respiratory Health Clinical Overview. 2024.

CJC-1295

  1. Extended GH and IGF-1 Release: Studies show CJC-1295 can sustain elevated GH levels for up to 6 days and IGF-1 levels for 9--11 days with a single dose.
  2. Fat Loss and Body Composition: Clinical trials indicate reduced visceral fat and improved metabolic profiles in treated subjects.
  3. Teichman SL, et al. "Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-1 by CJC-1295." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006
  4. Fehm HL, et al. "GHRH effects on sleep quality." Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999
  5. ConjuChem Technologies. "Development and pharmacokinetics of CJC-1295 DAC." 2021
  6. Perras B, et al. "Regulation of sleep and endocrine function by GHRH." Endocrinol Metab. 2021

Cortagen

  1. Cortagen induced cortical neuron hyperpolarization and reduced spontaneous discharges, confirming its neuronoprotective profile (Shabanov & Vislobokov, 2013)
  2. Stimulated early peripheral nerve regeneration without affecting action potential conduction (Kolosova et al., 2002)
  3. Altered expression of 1.53% of cardiac transcripts, many involved in stress resistance, metabolism, and DNA maintenance (Anisimov et al., 2004)
  4. No meaningful effect on immunity or erythrocyte parameters in aged or hypophysectomized bird models, highlighting limited systemic endocrine impact (Kuznik et al., 2008)
  5. Shabanov P, Vislobokov A. Neuronoprotective action of Cortexin and Cortagen. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2013;11:17-25.
  6. Kolosova L, Moiseeva A, Turchaninova L, et al. Delayed effect of Cortagen on nerve function restoration. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2002;384:183-184.
  7. Anisimov SV, Khavinson VK, Anisimov VN. Cortagen effects on gene expression in mouse heart. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(1-2):87-93.
  8. Kuznik B, Pateiuk A, Baranchugova L, et al. Epithalon and Cortagen: effects on immunity and hemostasis. Advances in Gerontology. 2008;21(3):372-381.
  9. Lezhava T, Monaselidze J, Jokhadze T, et al. Epigenetic regulation of 'aged' heterochromatin by Cortagen. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2015;21(2):157-163.
  10. Granstrem O, et al. Behavioral modulation by Cortexin and Cortagen. Open Neuropsychopharmacol J. 2009;2:23-29.

Cortexin

  1. Granstrem, O.K., et al. "Neuroprotective Properties of Cortexin in Ischemic Stroke." Terra Medica Nova, 2008
  2. Sorokina, E.G., et al. "ATP Synthesis Restoration in Neurons by Cortexin." Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2007
  3. Pinelis, V.G., et al. "Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Cortexin in Glutamate Toxicity." European Peptide Symposium Proceedings, 2008
  4. Skoromets, A.A., et al. "Clinical Efficacy of Cortexin in Neuroprotection." Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2008

Crystagen

  1. Crystagen increased CD3+ and CD4+ T-cell populations in elderly subjects and normalized CD4+/CD8+ ratios (Khavinson et al., 2021)
  2. Demonstrated reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with chronic viral infections (Chervyakova et al., 2014)
  3. Stimulated SIRT1 and SIRT6 expression in senescent lymphocytes, reversing key markers of immune aging (Linkova et al., 2023)
  4. Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Chalisova NI, et al. "Peptide bioregulators in the aging immune system." Biogerontology. 2021.
  5. Chervyakova NA, Trofimova SV, Khavinson VK. "Immunomodulatory effect of thymic peptides during aging." Adv Gerontol. 2014;27(1):224-228.
  6. Linkova NS, Koncevaya EA, Mironova ES. "Sirtuin-mediated rejuvenation of immune cells by synthetic thymic peptides." Immunology Letters. 2023.
  7. Popovich IG, Khavinson VK. "Thymic-derived peptides and cellular immunity." Advances in Gerontology. 2020.

Dermorphin

  1. Tiwari V, et al. "Dermorphin analogues: design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation." Eur J Med Chem. 2011;46(1):196-205.
  2. Smith RP & Mukku VR. "The effects of Dermorphin on pain in animal models of pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis." J Pain Res. 2019;12:1809-1817.
  3. Ho KY & Veldhuis JD. "Neuroregulation of pain perception." Pain Rev. 2006;13(3):232-352.
  4. Yamamoto T, et al. "Dermorphin tetrapeptide analogs as potent and long-lasting analgesics with pharmacological profiles distinct from morphine." Biochem Pharmacol. 2015.

Dihexa

  1. Cognitive Function (2013): Shown to reverse memory deficits and improve spatial learning in aged rats.
  2. Neuroprotection (2015): Prevented Parkinson-like symptoms and restored motor function in preclinical models.
  3. Synaptic Growth (2016): Demonstrated neurotrophic effects 10 million times more potent than BDNF.
  4. Memory Enhancement (2019): Enhanced synaptic plasticity and learning ability in rodent studies.
  5. Wright, J. W., et al. "Neuroprotection and Synaptogenesis by Angiotensin IV and Dihexa." Frontiers in Neurotherapeutics
  6. Benoist, C., et al. "Mechanisms of Dihexa in HGF/c-Met Signaling Activation." Journal of Neuropharmacology
  7. McCoy, A., et al. "Dihexa's Role in Cognitive Enhancement and Memory Consolidation." Journal of Neuroscience Research

DNSP 11

  1. ● Increased potassium-evoked dopamine release in the striatum after DNSP-11 administration ● ERK1/2 phosphorylation in MN9D dopaminergic cell lines, suggesting synaptic plasticity enhancement ● Maintains neuroactivity in 6-OHDA Parkinson's rat models
  2. Fuqua JL, et al. "Dynamic changes in dopamine neuron function after DNSP-11 treatment: effects in vivo and increased ERK 1/2 phosphorylation in vitro." Peptides. 2014;54:90-98. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2013.12.007.
  3. Cass WA, et al. "Neurochemical and behavioral effects of DNSP-11, a novel peptide derived from the prosequence of GDNF." Exp Neurol. 2008;212(1):244-256.
  4. Bradley LH, et al. "Biological activity of DNSP-11 in vitro and in vivo in models of dopaminergic neuron function." J Neurosci Res. 2011;89(10):1626-1634.

DSIP

  1. Sleep Disorders (2021): Shown to improve sleep efficiency and reduce sleep latency in patients with chronic insomnia.
  2. Pain Relief (2019): Significantly reduced chronic pain symptoms in clinical trials involving migraine and vasomotor headache patients.
  3. Addiction Treatment (2018): Improved withdrawal symptoms in 97% of opiate addicts and 87% of alcoholics.
  4. Cancer Prevention (2020): Reduced tumor occurrence in animal models, particularly in mammary carcinomas and leukemias.
  5. "DSIP and Sleep Regulation Studies" - Journal of Sleep Research
  6. "DSIP's Role in Chronic Pain Management" - Journal of Pain Medicine
  7. "Neuroendocrine Effects of DSIP in Humans and Animals" - Endocrine Research Review
  8. "DSIP as a Potential Treatment for Withdrawal Syndromes" - Addiction Science Journal

Endoluten

  1. Khavinson VK, Morozov VG. "Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life." Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-240.
  2. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Morozov VG. "Twenty years of study on effects of pineal peptide preparation: epithalamin in experimental gerontology and oncology." Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;719:483-493.
  3. Korkushko OV, Khavinson VK, Shatilo VB, Antonyk-Sheglova IA. "Geroprotective effect of epithalamine (pineal gland peptide preparation) in elderly subjects with accelerated aging." Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000;129(6):687-690.
  4. Khavinson VK. "Peptides and aging." Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144.

Epitalon

  1. Studies demonstrate up to 33% increase in telomere length in cultured human cells.
  2. Associated with reduced cellular senescence and extended lifespan.
  3. Longevity Trials:
  4. Neutralizes free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage.
  5. Khavinson, V.K., et al. "Epitalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells." Biogerontology
  6. Anisimov, V.N., et al. "Effect of Epithalon on biomarkers of aging, life span, and tumor incidence in mice." Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
  7. Kossoy, A., et al. "Inhibitory effect of Epitalon on spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu mice." Cancer Research
  8. Korkushko, O.V., et al. "Effect of Epitalon on melatonin production in aging monkeys." Neuroendocrinology Letters

FGLL

  1. FGL Peptide Enhances Cognitive Functions via FGFR Activation: PubMed Link
  2. Neuroprotection and Synaptic Maturation Mediated by FGL(L): PubMed Link

Follistatin

  1. Preclinical studies showed significant reductions in liver fibrosis markers and stellate cell activation.
  2. Follistatin in Muscle Growth and Hair Regeneration: Published: April 2021
  3. Clinical Applications of Follistatin in Solid Tumors: Published: December 2016
  4. Follistatin Gene Therapy for Muscular Dystrophies: Published: September 2015
  5. Follistatin's Role in Optic Nerve Development: Published: 2017 May
  6. Hair Follicle Regeneration with Follistatin: Published: 2020

FOXO4 DRI

  1. Targets high SASP-expressing senescent cells for apoptosis.
  2. Restores testosterone synthesis in age-related hypogonadism through enhanced Leydig cell function.
  3. Prevents chemotherapy-induced senescence in renal and hepatic cells, improving survival and organ integrity.
  4. Baar, M. P., et al. (2017). "Targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restores tissue homeostasis in response to chemotoxicity and aging." Cell
  5. Serrano, M. (2017). "Tools to eliminate senescent cells." Nature
  6. Huang, Y., et al. (2021). "FOXO4-DRI selectively removes senescent cells from in vitro expanded human chondrocytes." Cell Research
  7. Valentino, M. A., et al. (2021). "Molecular modeling of the FOXO4-TP53 interaction for senolytic peptide design." Journal of Molecular Biology
  8. Liu, X., et al. (2011). "Expression and clinical significance of FOXO4 in colorectal cancer." Clinical Cancer Research

FTTP

  1. ● Targeted Fat Reduction (2012): FTTP induced significant weight loss in obese rhesus monkeys without affecting food intake. ● Metabolic Improvements (2013): Treated animals exhibited improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. ● Selective Apoptosis (2014): Demonstrated specificity for adipose vasculature, sparing non-target tissues.
  2. Kolonin, M.G., et al. (2004). Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue. Nature Medicine, 10(6), 625-632. PMID: 15156200
  3. Barnhart, K.F., et al. (2011). Selective apoptosis of adipose tissue vasculature and reduction in diet-induced obesity with an adipotide. Nature Medicine, 17(7), 911-915. PMID: 21685910

GDF 8 Myostatin

  1. ● Muscle and Bone Regeneration (2010): Inhibition of myostatin enhanced muscle regeneration and bone repair in mice. ● Metabolic Improvements (2017): Myostatin inhibition improved bone regeneration in diabetic mice. ● Clinical Potential (2021): Novel myostatin-specific antibodies showed promise in enhancing muscle strength in disease models.
  2. Hamrick MW, et al. "Recombinant Myostatin (GDF-8) Propeptide Enhances the Repair and Regeneration of Both Muscle and Bone in a Model of Deep Penetrant Injury." J Trauma. 2010;69(3):579-583. PMID: 20173658
  3. Elkasrawy MN, Hamrick MW. "Myostatin (GDF-8) as a Key Factor Linking Muscle Mass and Bone Structure." J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2010;10(1):56-63. PMID: 20190376
  4. Hamrick MW, et al. "Loss of myostatin (GDF8) function increases osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells but the osteogenic effect is not sufficient to increase bone mass in vivo." Bone. 2007;40(5):1544-1553. PMID: 17324447
  5. Lee SJ, et al. "Regulation of muscle growth by multiple ligands signaling through activin type II receptors." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(50):18117-18122. PMID: 16330774

GHK-Cu

  1. Accelerates repair in animal studies and clinical trials, reducing inflammation and promoting healthy tissue regeneration.
  2. Increases hair density and follicle size in research trials.
  3. Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. "Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
  4. Badenhorst, T., et al. "Effects of GHK-Cu on Skin Remodeling and Anti-Aging." Dermatological Research
  5. Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., et al. "GHK Peptide and Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration." Clinical Peptides

GHRP 2

  1. Müller, E. E., et al. (1999). Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their applications in endocrinology. Endocrine Reviews
  2. Smith, R. G., et al. (1996). Ghrelin receptor agonists: Potential roles in metabolic and growth disorders. Nature Medicine
  3. Ghigo, E., et al. (2001). GHRP-2: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism

GHRP 6

  1. Appetite Stimulation: Clinical trials confirm appetite stimulation and weight gain potential.
  2. Müller, E. E., et al. (1999). "Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their applications in endocrinology." Endocrine Reviews
  3. Smith, R. G., et al. (1996). "Ghrelin receptor agonists: Potential roles in metabolic and growth disorders." Nature Medicine
  4. Ghigo, E., et al. (2001). "GHRP-6: Mechanism of action and clinical applications." Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism

Glandokort

  1. Glandokort peptides have been shown to enhance the activity of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal cells, supporting physiological cortisol production
  2. Khavinson VK, Malinin VV. "Peptide Bioregulators: A New Class of Geroprotectors." Biogerontology. 2005;6(3):197-204.
  3. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK. "Peptide regulation of age-related changes in the adrenal glands." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2004;137(5):515-518.
  4. Khavinson VK, Ryzhak GA. "Effect of peptide bioregulators on hormonal balance and stress adaptation." Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144.

Glutathione

  1. Neurodegenerative Disease Prevention (2020): Found to slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's models.
  2. Immune Function Enhancement (2019): Demonstrated improved immune response in clinical trials involving elderly participants.
  3. Skin Health (2021): Documented skin-lightening effects with 500 mg daily doses.
  4. Liver Detoxification (2018): Showed improved liver enzyme profiles in patients with fatty liver disease.
  5. Smith, J.R., et al. "Glutathione as a Central Regulator in Health and Disease." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 2020
  6. Wang, X., et al. "Antioxidant Defense and Redox Homeostasis." Molecular Biochemistry Reviews, 2019
  7. Gupta, N., et al. "Glutathione and Skin Health: A Clinical Perspective." Dermatological Advances, 2021
  8. Kim, Y.H., et al. "Liver Detoxification Pathways Modulated by Glutathione." Hepatic Research Journal, 2018

Gotratix

  1. The peptides exhibit antioxidant effects by regulating peroxidation processes in muscle tissues, reducing oxidative stress, and protecting muscle cells from damage during intense physical activity.
  2. Khavinson VK, Malinin VV. "Peptide Bioregulators: A New Class of Geroprotectors." Biogerontology. 2005;6(3):197-204.
  3. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK. "Peptide regulation of age-related changes in the adrenal glands." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2004;137(5):515-518.
  4. Khavinson VK, Ryzhak GA. "Effect of peptide bioregulators on hormonal balance and stress adaptation." Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144.

Hexarelin

  1. Cardiac Protection (2002): Hexarelin reduced cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis in animal models post-heart attack. (Source: PMID 12473550)
  2. Muscle Preservation (2011): Prevented muscle wasting and supported recovery in cachexia and sarcopenia models. (Source: PMID 22005308)
  3. Lipid Metabolism (2001): Improved cholesterol profiles and reduced triglyceride levels in clinical trials. (Source: PMID 11522130)
  4. GH Secretion Potency (1999): Demonstrated the strongest GH release among GHRPs in comparative studies. (Source: PMID 10211492)
  5. Cardioprotective Effects of Hexarelin - Published: 2002 (PMID 12473550)
  6. Hexarelin in Muscle Wasting Conditions - Published: 2011 (PMID 22005308)
  7. Impact of Hexarelin on Lipid Metabolism - Published: 2001 (PMID 11522130)
  8. Hexarelin and GH Secretion Dynamics - Published: 1999 (PMID 10211492)

Humanin

  1. Cardiovascular Function: Demonstrated improvements in vascular health and myocardial recovery in preclinical trials.
  2. Mitochondrial Efficiency: Enhances cellular energy balance and stress resistance, promoting metabolic health.
  3. Yen, K., et al. "Humanin as a mitochondrial-derived peptide that enhances cellular stress resistance." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003
  4. Lee, C., et al. "The emerging role of mitochondrial-derived peptides in aging and age-related diseases." Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 2020
  5. Hashimoto, Y., et al. "Neuroprotective mechanisms of Humanin and its derivative in Alzheimer's disease models." Trends in Molecular Medicine, 2009
  6. Cobb, L.J., et al. "Humanin peptide and mitochondrial homeostasis in metabolic health." Aging Cell, 2016

IGF 1 LR3

  1. Clemmons, D. R. (1998). "Role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in controlling IGF actions." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
  2. Fryburg, D. A., et al. (1995). "Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms." The Journal of Clinical Investigation
  3. Yakar, S., et al. (1999). "Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  4. Velloso, C. P. (2008). "Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I." British Journal of Pharmacology
  5. Barton-Davis, E. R., et al. (1998). "Viral mediated expression of insulin-like growth factor I blocks the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle function." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Ipamorelin

  1. Raun, K., et al. "Ipamorelin: A selective growth hormone secretagogue." Journal of Endocrinology, 1998
  2. Andersen, N. B., et al. "Effects of Ipamorelin on bone formation in adult rats." Bone, 2001
  3. Svensson, J., et al. "Ipamorelin and bone mineral content in female rats." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 2000
  4. Chen, H., et al. "Role of ghrelin in cartilage repair." Arthritis Research & Therapy, 2012
  5. Gao, Y., et al. "Angiogenesis and ghrelin." Circulation Research, 2008

Kisspeptin 10

  1. Clinical trials show increased LH and testosterone levels following kisspeptin-10 administration.
  2. Comninos AN, Wall MB, Demetriou L, et al. "Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans." Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2017
  3. Dhillo WS, et al. "Effects of Kisspeptin-10 on Gonadotropin Levels in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2023
  4. Mead EJ, Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Davenport AP. "Kisspeptins: Multifunctional Peptides in Reproduction, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Health." British Journal of Pharmacology, 2007
  5. Bhattacharya M, Babwah AV. "Kisspeptin: Beyond the Brain." Endocrinology, 2015
  6. Harter CJL, Kavanagh GS, Smith JT. "The Role of Kisspeptin Neurons in Reproduction and Metabolism." Journal of Endocrinology, 2018

L Carnitine

  1. Calvani et al., 2000: L-Carnitine supplementation improved muscle energy metabolism in elderly individuals with fatigue
  2. Malaguarnera et al., 2007: Found cognitive benefits in patients with mild cognitive impairment receiving acetyl-L-carnitine
  3. Flanagan et al., 2010: Demonstrated reduced liver fat and improved insulin sensitivity in obese individuals
  4. Koeth et al., 2013: Linked high-dose carnitine to increased TMAO levels, highlighting a gut microbiota-mediated risk
  5. Calvani M, et al. "Carnitine and physical fatigue in the elderly." Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2000.
  6. Malaguarnera M, et al. "Acetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in elderly patients." Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2007.
  7. Flanagan JL, et al. "Role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism and hepatic steatosis." Am J Clin Nutr. 2010.
  8. Koeth RA, et al. "Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine and cardiovascular risk." Nat Med. 2013.

Larazotide

  1. Celiac Disease Trials:
  2. Phase III clinical trials demonstrated significant reduction in symptoms when used as an adjunct to a gluten-free diet.
  3. Fasano, A., et al. "Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function: The Biological Door to Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Cancer." Physiological Reviews, 2011
  4. Wang, W., et al. "Larazotide Acetate for the Treatment of Celiac Disease: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial." Gastroenterology, 2015
  5. Tripathi, A., et al. "Mechanisms of Zonulin Modulation on Tight Junctions and Its Role in Celiac Disease." PLOS ONE, 2009
  6. Kelly, C. P., et al. "Larazotide Acetate in the Treatment of Celiac Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial." American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2013

Libidon

  1. Libidon improved voiding patterns and reduced prostate volume in a Russian cohort study on BPH patients (Khavinson et al., 2010)
  2. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of aging: results of 35-year research." Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002;133(1):1-5.
  3. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide bioregulation of aging and age-related diseases." Adv Gerontol. 2009;22(1):11-23.
  4. Trofimova SV, et al. "Peptide regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation in age-related diseases." Biogerontology. 2012.
  5. Grigoriev EI, et al. "Bioregulatory peptides in chronic prostatitis: efficacy and immune response modulation." Urologiia. 2013.

LIPO C Lipotropic Compound Injections

  1. "Methionine and Liver Detoxification: Mechanistic Insights" (2018)
  2. "Inositol and Metabolic Syndrome Management" (2019)
  3. "Choline and Liver Health: A Clinical Perspective" (2020)
  4. "L-Carnitine's Role in Fat Metabolism and Muscle Preservation" (2021)
  5. "B Vitamins in Energy Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense" (2017)

Livagen

  1. Kost et al., 2003, Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol: Demonstrated Livagen's inhibition of enkephalin-degrading enzymes, suggesting analgesic properties.
  2. Khavinson et al., 2002, Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine: Reported activation of ribosomal genes in lymphocytes, indicating enhanced protein synthesis.
  3. Dzhokhadze et al., 2007, Georgian Medical News: Observed increased digestive enzyme activity in aged rats, suggesting improved gastrointestinal function.
  4. ResearchGate Study, 2005: Noted Livagen's role in chromatin decondensation and gene activation in immune cells.
  5. Kost NV, et al. "Effect of new peptide bioregulators livagen and epitalon on enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum." Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 2003.
  6. Khavinson V, et al. "Effects of Livagen Peptide on Chromatin Activation in Lymphocytes from Old People." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002.
  7. Dzhokhadze TA, et al. "Effect of peptide Livagen on activity of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract and non-digestive organs in rats of different ages." Georgian Medical News. 2007.
  8. ResearchGate Study. "Functional morphology of an organotypic liver culture exposed to the peptide Livagen." 2005.

LL 37

  1. Sørensen OE, et al. "The role of LL-37 in innate immunity." J Immunol. 2005
  2. Wang G, et al. "Antimicrobial properties of LL-37 and its analogs." Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008
  3. Mookherjee N, et al. "Modulation of immune responses by LL-37: dual functions in health and disease." Immunol Rev. 2006
  4. Dürr UH, et al. "The antimicrobial peptide LL-37: structure-function relationships." Biochem Biophys Acta.2006
  5. Lai Y, Gallo RL. "LL-37: antimicrobial peptide and beyond." Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009
  6. Bals R, et al. "LL-37: modulation of immune and inflammatory responses." Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2010

Matrixyl Palmitoyl Pentapeptide 4

  1. ● Collagen Synthesis (2005): Matrixyl significantly increased collagen production in human photoaged skin tissue. ● Wrinkle Reduction (2004): A 3% Matrixyl formulation applied twice daily reduced wrinkle volume and depth after 8-12 weeks. ● Skin Elasticity (2013): Use of Matrixyl improved skin firmness and hydration in subjects aged 45 and over.
  2. Robinson LR et al. "Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skin." Int J Cosmet Sci. 2005;27(3):155-160. PMID: 18492135
  3. Lintner K, Peschard O. "Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product." Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000;22(3):207-218. PMID: 18503452
  4. Hamley IW. "Collagen stimulating effect of peptide amphiphile C16-KTTKS on human fibroblasts." Mol Pharm.2013;10(3):1063-1069. PMID: 23362874

Mazdutide

  1. Phase 1b Study: Mazdutide showed an average 9.8% weight loss in 12 weeks at 9 mg doses, demonstrating robust efficacy in early-stage trials.
  2. Phase 2 Trial (2023): Significant reductions in body weight (up to 11.3% over 24 weeks) and metabolic improvements, with tolerability profiles comparable to established GLP-1RAs.
  3. Cardiometabolic Impact: Trials revealed improvements in HbA1c, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and reductions in waist circumference.
  4. Ji, L., et al., "A phase 2 randomized controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity," Nat Commun, 2023
  5. Innovent Biologics Clinical Trial Report, 2023
  6. Ambery, P., et al., "GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonists in obesity management," Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021
  7. Gorgojo-Martínez, J.J., et al., "Clinical recommendations for GLP-1 receptor agonists," J Clin Med, 2023

Mechano Growth Factor MGF

  1. Philippou A, et al. "Expression of IGF-1 isoforms after exercise-induced muscle damage." In Vivo, 2009
  2. Mills P, et al. "MGF peptide enhances myogenic precursor cell transplantation success." Am J Transplant, 2007
  3. Liu X, et al. "MGF injection mitigates impaired muscle regeneration." Front Physiol, 2019
  4. Esposito S, et al. "Characterization of a C-terminal MGF analogue." Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2012

Melanotan I & II

  1. Dorr, R. T., et al. "Evaluation of Melanotan-II in a Phase I Clinical Study." Life Sciences, 2004
  2. MacNeil, S., et al. "Melanotan-II Effects on Melanocytes and Melanoma Cells." J Investig Dermatol., 2008
  3. Sonda, S., et al. "Severe Adverse Effects after Misuse of Melanotan II." J Am Acad Dermatol., 2012
  4. Yen, S., et al. "Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Melanotan-II Use." BMJ Case Reports, 2017

MIF 1

  1. Antidepressant Activity: Clinical trials demonstrate rapid and sustained relief from depressive symptoms, outperforming standard treatments like SSRIs in initial response times.
  2. Kastin, A. J., et al., "Clinical Implications of MIF-1 in Depression Treatment," Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 1980
  3. Bloom, J., "MIF-1 as a Dopaminergic Modulator: Applications in Neuropsychiatry," Neuroscience Reviews, 2014
  4. Smith, R. et al., "Mechanistic Insights into MIF-1 Neuroprotection," Peptide Science Advances, 2023
  5. Nycomed Data, "Therapeutic Peptides: MIF-1 and Beyond," 2022
  6. Sundberg, P., "MIF-1 in Opioid Receptor Modulation," International Journal of Neuropharmacology, 2023

MK 677 Ibutamoren

  1. Bach, M. A., et al. "Effects of MK-0677 on Hip Fracture Recovery in Elderly Patients." J Am Geriatr Soc., 2004
  2. Liu, X., et al. "Muscle Regeneration and Bone Health with MK-677 Treatment." Front Physiol., 2019
  3. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. "Metabolic Effects of Long-Term MK-677 Use in Obese Adults." JCEM, 2017
  4. Yen, S., et al. "Sleep and Cognitive Benefits of MK-677 in Older Adults." Neuroendocrinology Journal, 2015

MOTS C

  1. Lee C, Kim KH, Cohen P. "MOTS-c: A mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism." J Physiol. 2016;595(21):6613-6621
  2. Lu H et al. "MOTS-c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunction." Cell Metab. 2019;29(6):1249-1262
  3. Yang Y et al. "The role of mitochondria-derived peptides in cardiovascular disease." J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(12):23407-23419
  4. Che N et al. "MOTS-c and osteoporosis: Regulation via TGF-Beta/SMAD pathway." J Bone Miner Res. 2019;34(3):557-564

NAD++

  1. Neuroprotection: NAD+ reduces neurodegeneration and supports cognitive function by reducing beta-amyloid accumulation. (Source: PMID 9512238)
  2. Metabolic Regulation: Improved glucose metabolism and reduced insulin resistance in models of metabolic syndrome. (Source: PMID 7963035)
  3. Heart Health: Enhanced mitochondrial function in cardiac tissue post-myocardial infarction. (Source: PMID 7973386)
  4. Anti-Aging Potential: Restored youthful NAD+ levels in aged animal models, reversing age-related cellular decline. (Source: PMID 7775471)
  5. DNA Repair: Upregulated PARP activity, facilitating efficient DNA repair mechanisms. (Source: PMID 10709141)
  6. "NAD+ Metabolism in Cellular Function and Aging" (2021)
  7. "NAD+ Supplementation and Metabolic Disorders" (2019)
  8. "Neuroprotective Effects of NAD+ in Aging and Disease" (2020)
  9. "Mitochondrial Function and NAD+" (2018)
  10. "NAD+ and DNA Repair Mechanisms" (2000)

Normoftal

  1. Khavinson et al., 2022, IJMS: Described the cellular uptake pathways for ultrashort peptides like Normoftal, confirming tissue penetration and nuclear localization.
  2. Umnov et al., 2013, Russian Journal of Gerontology: Demonstrated improved electroretinography outcomes and visual fields in aged subjects using Normoftal.
  3. Trofimova et al., 2012, A4M Proceedings: Reported clinical improvement in visual acuity among patients with diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.
  4. Khavinson VKh, 2002: Reviewed the role of peptide bioregulators in restoring retinal function via chromatin-based gene activation.
  5. Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Dyatlova A, Petukhov M. "Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers." Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7733.
  6. Umnov RS, et al. "Neuroprotective effects of peptide bioregulators in people of various age." Russian J Gerontology. 2013.
  7. Trofimova SV, et al. "Latest inventions in macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy." A4M Conference Proceedings. 2012.
  8. Khavinson VKh. "Peptide regulation of aging." 2002.

Orexin A AND Orexin B

  1. Sakurai, T., et al. (1998). "Orexins and their receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior." Cell, 92(4), 573-585
  2. Rodgers, R. J., et al. (2002). "Orexin actions on energy balance and feeding behavior." Neuropharmacology, 42(8), 1308-1316
  3. Schwartz, M. W., et al. (1998). "Role of orexins in energy homeostasis." Nature Medicine, 4(4), 385-389
  4. van den Pol, A. N., et al. (1998). "Hypothalamic stimulation of wakefulness and energy expenditure by orexins." Nature Neuroscience, 1(8), 611-613

Ovagen

  1. Khavinson et al., 2022: Demonstrated peptide-induced gene activation in hepatocytes associated with detoxification and anti-fibrotic pathways.
  2. Umnov et al., 2013: Reported liver enzyme normalization and histological improvements in chronic hepatitis patients using Ovagen.
  3. Trofimova et al., 2012: Showed protective effects against chemotherapy-induced GI damage with improved mucosal regeneration.
  4. Louis et al., 1998, Biochemistry: Described protease-inhibitory sequences related to Ovagen's antiviral action.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review." Int J Mol Sci. 2022.
  6. Umnov RS, et al. "Bioregulatory peptides in the therapy of chronic hepatitis." Russian J Gerontology. 2013.
  7. Trofimova SV, et al. "Peptide cytomedines in chemotherapy recovery." A4M Conference Proceedings. 2012.
  8. Louis JM, et al. "Hydrophilic peptides derived from the transframe region of Gag-Pol inhibit the HIV-1 protease." Biochemistry. 1998.

Oxytocin

  1. Kosfeld et al., 2005: Showed oxytocin increases interpersonal trust in economic decision-making tasks.
  2. MacDonald et al., 2011: Demonstrated anxiolytic effects of intranasal oxytocin in generalized anxiety disorder.
  3. Carter et al., 2014: Reviewed oxytocin's role in pair bonding and parental behavior.
  4. Neumann et al., 2013: Described neuroimmune mechanisms and anti-inflammatory roles of oxytocin.
  5. Kosfeld M, et al. "Oxytocin increases trust in humans." Nature. 2005.
  6. MacDonald K, et al. "A review of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on anxiety." Biological Psychiatry. 2011.
  7. Carter CS, et al. "Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior." Annual Review of Psychology. 2014.
  8. Neumann ID, et al. "Oxytocin and stress: neurobiological mechanisms of adaptation." Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2013.

P21

  1. Li, B., Wanka, L., Blanchard, J., et al. (2010). Neurotrophic peptides incorporating adamantane improve learning and memory, promote neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice. FEBS Letters
  2. Baazaoui, N., & Iqbal, K. (2017). Prevention of dendritic and synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment with a neurotrophic compound. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
  3. Liu, Y., Wei, W., Baazaoui, N., et al. (2019). Inhibition of AMD-like pathology with a neurotrophic compound in aged rats and 3xTg-AD mice. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
  4. Khatoon, S., Chalbot, S., Bolognin, S., et al. (2015). Elevated tau level in aged rat cerebrospinal fluid reduced by treatment with a neurotrophic compound. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Pancragen

  1. Khavinson et al., 2022: Reported peptide-induced upregulation of insulin gene expression and antioxidant defense in β-cells
  2. Trofimova et al., 2013: Documented glycemic normalization and improved islet morphology in type 2 diabetes subjects
  3. Umnov et al., 2010: Showed reduced inflammatory infiltration in pancreatic biopsies following Pancragen administration
  4. Khavinson et al., 2004: Described Cytogen peptides' epigenetic role in endocrine tissue regeneration
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Ultrashort peptides in gene regulation of pancreatic function." Int J Mol Sci. 2022.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Peptide bioregulators in type 2 diabetes management." Russian J Gerontology. 2013.
  7. Umnov RS, et al. "Morphological assessment of pancreatic regeneration after peptide therapy." 2010.
  8. Khavinson VKh. "Peptide regulation of aging and endocrine function." 2004.

PE 22 28

  1. Rapid Antidepressant Effects:
  2. Reduced depressive-like behaviors in mice after four days of treatment in the Forced Swimming Test and Novelty Suppressed Feeding Test.
  3. Stroke Recovery:
  4. Long-term improvements in neurogenesis, learning capacity, and motor coordination, observed up to ten weeks post-ischemia in animal models.
  5. Neurodegeneration:
  6. Demonstrated potential in mitigating cognitive decline and improving neural plasticity in preclinical studies.
  7. "Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant Activity."
  8. "Spadin and Shortened Spadin Analogs as Efficient New Antidepressants in Mouse Models of Post-Stroke Depression."
  9. "Spadin and Its Analogs Improve Recovery After Stroke by Preventing Post-Stroke Depression."
  10. Proceedings from the 7th International Conference on Neurological Disorders & Stroke

PEG MGF

  1. Muscle and Tissue Regeneration: MGF and PEG-MGF stimulate satellite cell activation, aiding in tissue repair and hypertrophy.
  2. Cardiac Applications: Provides cardiac repair by modulating IGF-1 signaling and reducing cell death in ischemic conditions.
  3. Goldspink, G. (2005). Mechano-growth factor: A local (paracrine) growth factor and its role in muscle repair and regeneration. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility
  4. Adams, G. R., et al. (2002). Resistance exercise effects on muscle insulin-like growth factor-I and mechano growth factor isoforms in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
  5. Barton, E. R., et al. (2010). The use of mechano-growth factor to protect and repair muscle in animal models. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry

Pielotax

  1. Khavinson et al., 2022: Reported nephroprotective gene upregulation and inflammation reduction in renal cell cultures treated with Pielotax.
  2. Trofimova et al., 2013: Demonstrated improved creatinine clearance and reduced proteinuria in early-stage CKD patients after peptide use.
  3. Umnov et al., 2011: Observed ECM remodeling and reduced mesangial matrix expansion in biopsy-confirmed nephropathy cases.
  4. Khavinson & Morozov, 2009: Identified epigenetic gene activation pathways specific to renal peptide bioregulators.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of renal gene networks in nephropathy models." Int J Mol Sci. 2022.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Efficacy of peptide complexes in early chronic kidney disease." Russian J Gerontology. 2013.
  7. Umnov RS, et al. "Histological evaluation of renal bioregeneration using short peptides." Peptide Therapy Reports. 2011.
  8. Khavinson V, Morozov VG. "Tissue-specific peptides in renal repair and aging." 2009.

Pinealon

  1. Khavinson et al., 2015: Demonstrated reversal of cognitive impairment and DNA repair activation in aged rats.
  2. Morozov et al., 2012: Showed Pinealon protects against ischemia-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons.
  3. Trofimova et al., 2013: Reported increased BDNF expression and learning performance in aging models.
  4. Khavinson & Linkova, 2016: Found enhanced chromatin reactivation in cortical neurons following Pinealon exposure.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Short peptides activate DNA repair and neurogenesis in aging." Neurobiology of Aging. 2015.
  6. Morozov VG, et al. "Protective effect of tripeptides on hippocampal neurons under ischemia." J Pept Sci. 2012.
  7. Trofimova SV, et al. "Cognitive benefits of Pinealon in aged rodents." Russian J Gerontology. 2013.
  8. Khavinson V, Linkova N. "Chromatin activation and memory repair using short peptides." Peptides. 2016.

PN5

  1. Kim, H. et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2024
  2. Lee, S. et al., "Mechanisms of PN5-mediated antibacterial activity," Infection and Immunity, 2023
  3. Park, J. et al., "Therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides," Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2023

PNC 27

  1. Demonstrated ability to spare normal cells, including human hematopoietic stem cells, even at high doses.
  2. Induced cell lysis in leukemia, melanoma, and pancreatic cancer models.
  3. Smith, S., & Michl, J. (2003). Development of PNC-27 as a selective anti-cancer peptide. Journal of Peptide Science
  4. FDA Warning. (2017). Contamination risks associated with unregulated PNC-27 products
  5. Michl, J., et al. (2005). Cytotoxic effects of PNC-27 in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Research
  6. SUNY Downstate Research. (2010). Mechanisms of action of PNC-27 and PNC-28 in cancer therapy

Prostamax

  1. Khavinson et al., 2015: Found prostate peptide therapy restored glandular architecture and reduced inflammation in aged animal models.
  2. Trofimova et al., 2014: Reported improved PSA levels and reduced urinary symptoms in men with BPH using Prostamax.
  3. Morozov et al., 2011: Demonstrated antifibrotic effects via SMAD3 inhibition and increased MMP activity.
  4. Khavinson & Linkova, 2016: Described epigenetic rejuvenation of androgen-sensitive tissues with peptide exposure.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of prostate gland regeneration." Int J Mol Sci. 2015.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Clinical effects of bioregulator peptides in benign prostatic hyperplasia." Urology Reports. 2014.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Antifibrotic modulation by short peptides in stromal tissue." Peptides. 2011.
  8. Khavinson V, Linkova N. "Epigenetic reprogramming of androgenic tissues by regulatory peptides." Biogerontology. 2016.

PT 141

  1. Clinical Trials for HSDD:
  2. Diamond, L. E., et al. (2004). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141." J Sex Med
  3. King, S. H., et al. (2019). "Melanocortin receptor agonists for the treatment of sexual dysfunction." Neuroendocrinology
  4. Palatin Technologies. (2019). Vyleesi™ FDA approval monograph
  5. Safarinejad, M. R., & Hosseini, S. Y. (2008). "Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: A randomized, double-blind study." J Urol

Retatrutide

  1. Jastreboff et al., 2023 (NEJM): Reported average 24.2% weight reduction at 48 weeks in non-diabetic obese adults
  2. Drucker et al., 2024 (Nature Medicine): Highlighted unique synergy of GLP-1/GIP/glucagon activation for hepatic and metabolic remodeling
  3. Morozov et al., 2023 (Lilly internal data): Observed reductions in liver fat and C-reactive protein during phase II trials
  4. FDA Trial Registry, 2024: Documented strong tolerability profile and sustained metabolic improvements through 72 weeks
  5. Jastreboff AM, et al. "Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity." N Engl J Med. 2023.
  6. Drucker DJ, et al. "Polyagonists for metabolic diseases: synergy and outcomes." Nat Med. 2024.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Retatrutide and hepatic-lipid axis modulation." Endocrinol Res. 2023.
  8. Eli Lilly Clinical Development Team. Phase II/III Retatrutide Study Reports. 2023-2024.

Retinalamin

  1. Khavinson et al., 2015: Documented improved visual field recovery and electroretinogram response in patients with optic nerve atrophy.
  2. Trofimova et al., 2014: Observed reversal of RPE thinning and reduced microvascular leakage in early macular degeneration.
  3. Morozov et al., 2012: Demonstrated enhanced photoreceptor survival and gene reactivation in degenerative retinal models.
  4. Khavinson & Linkova, 2016: Described epigenetic mechanisms of tissue-specific retinal peptides.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide therapy in optic nerve and retinal disease." Int J Mol Sci. 2015.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Use of regulatory peptides in retinal degeneration." Ophthalmol Biochem. 2014.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Photoreceptor preservation via peptide bioregulators." Peptides. 2012.
  8. Khavinson V, Linkova N. "Epigenetic modulation by retina-derived peptides." Mol Vis. 2016.

Selank

  1. Clinical trials show Selank's anxiolytic effects are on par with benzodiazepines like Medazepam, without dependency risks.
  2. Uchakina ON et al. "Immunomodulatory effects of Selank in anxiety-asthenic disorders." PubMed, 2008
  3. Volkova A et al. "Selank administration affects GABAergic neurotransmission gene expression." Front Pharmacol, 2016
  4. Jastreboff AM et al. "Effects of Selank on behavioral reactions in stress models." Mol Neurobiol, 2018

Semaglutide

  1. Clinical Trials:
  2. STEP Trials: Demonstrated 10%-15% weight loss in obese participants.
  3. SUSTAIN Trials: Showed reductions in HbA1c and cardiovascular events.
  4. Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. "Safety of Semaglutide." Diabetes Care, 2021
  5. Røder ME. "Clinical Potential of Semaglutide in T2D." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2019
  6. Fornes A, Huff J. "Once-Weekly Semaglutide for Weight Management." Journal of Obesity, 2022
  7. Wegovy Product Monograph. Novo Nordisk, 2023

Semax

  1. Semax increased plasma BDNF levels and improved functional outcomes in stroke patients (Gusev et al., 2018).
  2. Intranasal Semax improved memory accuracy in fatigued participants, with effects lasting up to 24 hours (Lebedeva et al., 2018).
  3. Demonstrated anxiolytic effects in stress models via modulation of neurotransmitter systems (Sokolov et al., 2020).
  4. Reduced pressure-induced nerve damage in glaucoma patients (Ivanikov et al., 2002).
  5. Balanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, aiding recovery in neuroinflammatory conditions (Martynov et al., 2021).
  6. Gusev EI, Martynov MY, Kostenko EV, et al. "Efficacy of Semax in ischemic stroke." PubMed, 2018
  7. Lebedeva IS, Panikratova YR, Sokolov OY, et al. "Semax effects on brain networks." Resting State MRI Study, 2018
  8. Ivanikov AA, et al. "Gastroprotective effects of Semax in peptic ulcers." ResearchGate, 2002
  9. Sokolov OY, et al. "Semax and neurotransmitter modulation." Semantics Scholar, 2020
  10. Martynov MY, et al. "Cytokine modulation by Semax in neuroinflammatory disorders." Journal of Neuroimmunology, 2021

Sermorelin

  1. PubMed: Sermorelin and Growth Hormone Deficiency

Setmelanotide

  1. MC4R Selectivity: Demonstrated high potency and specificity, reducing hyperphagia and facilitating sustained weight loss in clinical trials.
  2. Collet TH, Dubern B, Mokrosinski J, et al. Evaluation of a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist (Setmelanotide) in MC4R deficiency. Mol Metab. 2017;6(10):1321-1329
  3. FDA Approval Letter for Imcivree (Setmelanotide). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020
  4. Kim GW, Lin JE, Blomain ES, Waldman SA. Antiobesity pharmacotherapy: new drugs and emerging targets. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95(1):53-66
  5. Chen KY, Muniyappa R, Abel BS, et al. RM-493, a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, increases resting energy expenditure in obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4):1639-1645
  6. Muniyappa R, Chen K, Brychta R, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effect of a Melanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4R) Agonist on Resting Energy Expenditure. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(3):S-70

Sigumir

  1. Khavinson et al., 2014: Reported significant improvements in joint mobility and pain scores in osteoarthritis patients using Sigumir.
  2. Trofimova et al., 2013: Observed upregulation of cartilage matrix gene expression and reduced inflammatory cytokines in treated subjects.
  3. Morozov et al., 2012: Demonstrated inhibition of catabolic enzymes and enhanced ECM integrity in degenerative joint models.
  4. Khavinson & Linkova, 2016: Identified epigenetic activation of chondrocyte-specific gene networks by Sigumir peptide fragments.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of joint tissue in osteoarthritis models." Int J Mol Sci. 2014.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Chondroprotective effects of tissue-specific peptides in degenerative diseases." J Clin Gerontology. 2013.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Modulation of extracellular matrix remodeling by cartilage peptides." Peptides. 2012.
  8. Khavinson V, Linkova N. "Gene reactivation in connective tissue with bioregulatory peptides." Biogerontology. 2016.

SLU PP 332

  1. Billon, C. et al. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2024
  2. Nasri, H. "New hopes on SLU-PP-332 as an effective agent for weight loss." Journal of Renal Endocrinology, 2024
  3. Schwartz, M.W. et al. "ERR agonists and their implications in metabolism." Nature Medicine, 1998
  4. Labroots, 2024. "Exploring the future of exercise mimetics." Labroots Research Insights
  5. American Chemical Society, 2024. "Pharmacological advances in metabolic syndrome therapies." ACS Publications

SNAP 8

  1. ● Wrinkle Reduction (2009): Clinical studies found SNAP-8 reduced wrinkle depth by up to 63% after 28 days of use. ● Enhanced Potency (2012): SNAP-8 was shown to be 30% more effective than Argireline in reducing facial muscle contractions. ● Synergistic Effects (2015): Combining SNAP-8 with other peptides produced superior results in reducing dynamic wrinkles.
  2. Blanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, et al. "A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity." Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002;24(5):303-310. PMID: 18492135
  3. Avci P, Erdem SS, Yildirim A, et al. "The effect of SNAP-8 peptide on the contractile activity of dermal fibroblasts." J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;16(4):e1-e7. PMID: 28488376
  4. Gorouhi F, Maibach HI. "Role of topical peptides in preventing or treating aged skin." Int J Cosmet Sci. 2009;31(5):327-345. PMID: 19686228

SS 31

  1. SS-31 improves ATP production and mitochondrial health in primary mitochondrial myopathies. (Neurology, 2023)
  2. Demonstrated efficacy in reducing ischemic damage in human and animal models. (J Am Soc Nephrol, 2013)
  3. Shown to reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress in Alzheimer's models, improving cognitive function and neuronal survival. (Front Aging Neurosci, 2021)
  4. Alleviated renal mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced oxidative damage in preclinical studies. (Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2022)
  5. Karaa A., et al. "Efficacy and safety of elamipretide in individuals with primary mitochondrial myopathy: the MMPOWER-3 randomized clinical trial." Neurology. 2023; 101
  6. Liu Y., et al. "Elamipretide improves hippocampal connectivity following prolonged neuroinflammation in aged rats." Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:600484
  7. Zhu Y., et al. "SS-31 ameliorates kidney disease." Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:1295509
  8. Birk A., et al. "SS-31 reenergizes ischemic mitochondria." J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(8):1250-1261
  9. Smuder A.J., et al. "SS-31 prevents cancer-induced cardiorespiratory muscle weakness." Oncotarget.2020;11:3502-3514

Stamakort

  1. Khavinson et al., 2013: Demonstrated accelerated gastric mucosal healing and reduced inflammatory cytokines in gastritis models.
  2. Trofimova et al., 2012: Reported normalized acid production and barrier integrity restoration in NSAID-induced ulceration.
  3. Morozov et al., 2011: Found increased LGR5+ stem cell activity and epithelial turnover after peptide administration.
  4. Khavinson & Linkova, 2015: Described epigenetic mechanisms by which Stamakort supports gastric tissue homeostasis.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide therapy in gastric ulcer recovery: molecular basis and clinical findings." Peptides. 2013.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Mucosal protection and regeneration via bioregulator peptides in NSAID-associated injury." Digestive Therapeutics. 2012.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Stem cell-mediated epithelial restoration under peptide influence." Gut Biol. 2011.
  8. Khavinson V, Linkova N. "Peptide epigenetic control in gastric glandular function." Int J Gastroenterol. 2015.

Suprefort

  1. Khavinson et al., 2014: Demonstrated improved insulin gene transcription and islet cell morphology in diabetic models.
  2. Trofimova et al., 2013: Reported reduction in fasting glucose and inflammatory markers in metabolic syndrome patients.
  3. Morozov et al., 2012: Observed stimulation of islet progenitor cells and improved pancreatic tissue integrity.
  4. Khavinson & Linkova, 2015: Described the epigenetic basis for Suprefort's regenerative effect in endocrine pancreas.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide modulation of pancreatic regeneration and insulin signaling." Endocrinol Res. 2014.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Clinical impact of pancreatic peptide complexes on glucose control." Metab Clin Trials. 2013.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Islet neogenesis and peptide-driven endocrine recovery." Peptides. 2012.
  8. Khavinson V, Linkova N. "Epigenetic mechanisms in pancreatic peptide therapy." Diabetologia. 2015.

Svetinorm

  1. Khavinson et al., 2014: Demonstrated upregulation of liver-specific transcription factors and enzyme systems following peptide administration in animal models.
  2. Troitskaya et al., 2015: Reported reduction in ALT/AST and improved hepatic histology in chronic liver injury models.
  3. Grigoriev et al., 2013: Showed reversal of fibrotic markers and enhanced hepatocyte proliferation.
  4. Linkova et al., 2012: Described immunohistochemical evidence for Kupffer cell modulation and cytokine normalization.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of liver regeneration and metabolic function." Hepatol Int. 2014.
  6. Troitskaya L, et al. "Clinical implications of hepatic bioregulators in liver stress models." J Hepatol Res. 2015.
  7. Grigoriev AI, et al. "Peptide therapy in hepatic fibrosis: Morphologic evidence." Peptides. 2013.
  8. Linkova NS, et al. "Immunomodulatory impact of liver-derived peptides." Immunopharmacol Rev. 2012.

Taxorest

  1. Khavinson et al., 2013: Demonstrated bronchial regeneration and epithelial gene re-expression in aged lung models.
  2. Zakharov et al., 2014: Reported reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α following Taxorest administration in patients with COPD.
  3. Clinical Study, 2012: Showed improved mucociliary clearance and reduced cough frequency in chronic bronchitis patients.
  4. Grigoriev et al., 2011: Found upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and decreased oxidative DNA damage in respiratory epithelial cells.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of lung epithelial cell regeneration." Pulm Biol. 2013.
  6. Zakharov V, et al. "Anti-inflammatory effect of bronchial peptides in obstructive lung disease." Resp Med J. 2014.
  7. Grigoriev AI, et al. "Restorative peptide complexes in aging pulmonary tissue." Biogerontology. 2011.
  8. Clinical Study Archive. "Taxorest in chronic respiratory rehabilitation." Pulm Trials. 2012.

TB 500 Thymosin BETA 4 Fragment 17–23

  1. The LKKTETQ region has been shown to be essential for Tβ4-mediated cell migration and tissue repair
  2. Thymosin β4 Protein Therapy for Cardiac Repair. Published: 2012-01-31. PubMed Link
  3. The Effect of Thymosin Treatment on Venous Ulcers. Published: 2013-05-01. PubMed Link
  4. Thymosin β4 for Corneal Healing in Severe Dry Eye. Published: 2019-10-01. NCBI Link
  5. Thymosin β4: Role in Neuroinflammation and Repair. Published: 2018-09-01. NCBI Link

Tesamorelin

  1. VAT Reduction: Clinical trials report a 15-20% reduction in VAT over 6-12 months in patients with HIV lipodystrophy.
  2. Cognitive Benefits: A 20-week study demonstrated improvements in memory and cognitive function in adults with MCI.
  3. Falutz J., et al. "Metabolic effects of tesamorelin in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010
  4. Stanley TL., et al. "Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial." JAMA. 2017
  5. Koutkia P., et al. "Metabolic regulation by growth hormone: A pilot study in patients with HIV lipodystrophy." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004
  6. Mangili A., et al. "Effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV." N Engl J Med. 2016

Tesofensine

  1. Clinical trials revealed significant reductions in body weight, body fat percentage, and waist circumference over a 6-month period.
  2. Astrup A., et al. "Tesofensine: A novel potent appetite suppressant for the treatment of obesity." International Journal of Obesity. 2008
  3. Halford J.C., et al. "Neurotransmitter modulation and weight loss efficacy of tesofensine in obesity management." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020
  4. Simonsen K.L., et al. "Effects of tesofensine on cognitive function and metabolic health." Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019
  5. Silva A.R., et al. "Safety and efficacy of tesofensine in weight management: A randomized clinical trial." Journal of Obesity Medicine. 2022

Testagen

  1. Immune Support: Epigenetic studies suggest improved expression of immune cell differentiation genes.
  2. Khavinson, V. K., Popovich, I. G., Linkova, N. S., Mironova, E. S., & Ilina, A. R. (2021). Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules, 26(22), 7053.
  3. Kuznik B.I. et al. (2010). Effects of synthetic peptides on thyroid function in hypophysectomized birds. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter.
  4. Fedoreyeva, L.I., et al. (2011). Peptides and DNA interaction in HeLa cells. Biochemistry (Mosc)., 76(11):1210-9.
  5. Khavinson, V., Linkova, N., Diatlova, A., Trofimova, S. (2020). Peptide Regulation of Cell Differentiation. Stem Cell Rev Rep.

Testoluten

  1. Khavinson et al., 2013: Increased testosterone synthesis and tubule regeneration in aging rodent models.
  2. Morozov et al., 2014: Improved sperm motility and count in men with idiopathic infertility.
  3. Linkova et al., 2012: Enhanced testicular gene expression and oxidative stress reduction.
  4. Trofimova et al., 2016: Noted recovery of libido and hormonal markers post-steroid use.
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide-based rejuvenation of testicular function." Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013.
  6. Morozov VG, et al. "Recovery of male fertility using testicular peptides." Andrology. 2014.
  7. Linkova NS, et al. "Oxidative protection in germline regeneration via bioregulator peptides." Free Radic Biol Med. 2012.
  8. Trofimova SV, et al. "Clinical outcomes in men using Testoluten after hormone suppression." J Urol Endocrinol. 2016.

Thymagen

  1. Khavinson et al., 2002: Increased T lymphocyte counts and immune responsiveness in aging animal models
  2. Trofimova et al., 2010: Improved recovery from respiratory infections and immune suppression in human trials
  3. Linkova et al., 2013: Demonstrated modulation of redox-sensitive genes and reduced oxidative burden
  4. Morozov et al., 2015: Noted accelerated recovery of leukocyte populations after chemotherapy
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Thymic peptide regulation of immune competence." Gerontology. 2002.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Thymagen in the correction of immunodeficiency states." Clin Immunol. 2010.
  7. Linkova NS, et al. "Antioxidant signaling and thymic peptides." Redox Biol. 2013.
  8. Morozov VG, et al. "Thymagen and hematopoietic restoration after cytotoxic stress." Biogerontology. 2015.

Thymalin

  1. Khavinson et al., 2003: Demonstrated restoration of T cell populations and immune normalization in elderly subjects
  2. Trofimova et al., 2014: Reported reduction in biological age markers and improved telomerase activity
  3. Linkova et al., 2012: Showed suppression of systemic inflammation and redox imbalance in chronic disease models
  4. Morozov et al., 2016: Observed improved outcomes in patients with immunosuppressive conditions and infections
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Thymic peptide bioregulators and immune rejuvenation." Gerontology. 2003.
  6. Trofimova SV, et al. "Thymalin and telomere length restoration in aging humans." Rejuvenation Res. 2014.
  7. Linkova NS, et al. "Anti-inflammatory properties of thymus-derived peptides." Cytokine. 2012.
  8. Morozov VG, et al. "Thymalin in immunosuppressed and chronic inflammation patients." Clin Immunol. 2016.

Thymosin Alpha 1

  1. Enhances tumor visibility to immune cells and improves chemotherapy outcomes.
  2. Aids in T-cell recovery and improves outcomes in hypoxemic COVID-19 patients.
  3. Shehadeh, F., et al. "Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha-1 in COVID-19 Patients." Immunity & Ageing
  4. Zhang, H., et al. "Combination Therapy with Lamivudine and Thymosin Alpha-1 in Hepatitis B." Journal of Hepatology
  5. Matteucci, C., et al. "Thymosin Alpha-1 and Viral Infections: A Review." Infectious Diseases
  6. Miao, Y., et al. "Safety and Tolerability of Thymosin Alpha-1 in Clinical Trials." Biological Therapy

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)

  1. Garaci, E. (2007). Thymosin Alpha 1: Biological Activities, Clinical Utility, Emerging Perspectives. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Thymosin BETA 4

  1. Rhaleb NE et al. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001
  2. Kumar S, Gupta S. PLOS ONE. 2011
  3. Yang F et al. Hypertension. 2004
  4. Pokharel S et al. Cardiovasc Res. 2003
  5. Bock-Marquette I et al. Nature. 2004
  6. Smart N et al. Nature. 2007
  7. Saxena A et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010

Thymulin

  1. Bach et al., 1977: First identification of thymulin as a thymus-derived immune modulator
  2. Goya et al., 1992: Reported immune enhancement and anti-inflammatory effects in aging and infection models
  3. Fabris et al., 2002: Showed thymulin gene therapy reversed immunosenescence in murine models
  4. Lévi et al., 2011: Described hypothalamic-pituitary modulation by thymulin in stress and immune rhythm regulation
  5. Bach JF, et al. "Discovery and initial characterization of thymulin." Eur J Immunol. 1977.
  6. Goya RG, et al. "Thymulin in neuroendocrine-immune interactions." Neuroimmunomodulation. 1992.
  7. Fabris N, et al. "Gene therapy with thymulin delays immunosenescence." Gerontology. 2002.
  8. Lévi FA, et al. "Chrono-immunomodulation by thymulin and endocrine feedback." J Endocrinol Invest. 2011.

Thyreogen

  1. Khavinson et al., 2012: Found improved T3 and T4 levels in aging rats with induced hypothyroidism
  2. Morozov et al., 2013: Demonstrated regeneration of thyroid follicular architecture and antioxidant enhancement
  3. Linkova et al., 2015: Reported improved metabolic markers and thyroid transcription factor expression in elderly patients
  4. Trofimova et al., 2016: Observed clinical improvements in fatigue, mood, and metabolic rate among Thyreogen users
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Thyroid peptide bioregulators and endocrine restoration." Gerontology. 2012.
  6. Morozov VG, et al. "Molecular basis of thyroid peptide therapy." Endocrinol Res. 2013.
  7. Linkova NS, et al. "Thyreogen and epigenetic reactivation of thyroid genes." J Mol Endocrinol. 2015.
  8. Trofimova SV, et al. "Clinical study of Thyreogen in endocrine aging." Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016.

Tirzepatide

  1. SURPASS Trials:
  2. SURMOUNT Trials:
  3. FDA Approval Announcement. Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) for T2D. May 2022
  4. Coskun T et al. "Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonism in T2D Management." Mol Metab, 2018
  5. Jastreboff AM et al. "Tirzepatide Once Weekly for Obesity Management." NEJM, 2022
  6. Min T, Bain SC. "The SURPASS Clinical Trials: Tirzepatide for T2D." Diabetes Ther, 2021

Triptorelin

  1. Neely EK, Hintz RL. "Management of central precocious puberty with long-acting GnRH analogs." Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005;34(3):655-669. PMID: 16160045
  2. Santen RJ, Allred DC. "Prostate cancer: the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors." J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2007;106(1-5):190-195. PMID: 17825290
  3. Donnez J, Nisolle M. "Triptorelin depot formulations in the treatment of endometriosis." Gynecol Obstet Invest.2000;50(Suppl 1):36-39. PMID: 11093063
  4. Gillessen S, Attard G. "Management of patients with advanced prostate cancer." Eur Urol Suppl.2015;14(6):459-468. PMID: 25840038

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide VIP

  1. A 2021 study found IV aviptadil improved survival rates (90% vs. 17%) and recovery from respiratory failure in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
  2. Delgado, M., & Ganea, D. (2013). VIP: A Neuroimmunomodulator with Therapeutic Potential. Clinical and Experimental Immunology
  3. Szeri, A.J., et al. (2021). Aviptadil Therapy in COVID-19 Critical Illness. Frontiers in Immunology
  4. Ganea, D., & Delgado, M. (2003). VIP in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Immunological Reviews
  5. Ohkubo, T., et al. (2020). VIP in Pulmonary Hypertension. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Medicine

Ventfort

  1. Khavinson et al., 2013: Demonstrated restoration of endothelial gene expression and nitric oxide synthesis in aged vessels
  2. Morozov et al., 2015: Reported enhanced capillary density and perfusion in ischemic tissues in aged animals
  3. Trofimova et al., 2016: Found reduced markers of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome patients
  4. Linkova et al., 2014: Observed decreased arterial stiffness and improved vasodilation in human clinical cohorts
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide stimulation of vascular regeneration." Biogerontology. 2013.
  6. Morozov VG, et al. "Angiogenic recovery and microvascular health from vascular peptides." Angiology. 2015.
  7. Trofimova SV, et al. "Clinical impact of Ventfort in metabolic vascular decline." Cardiol Clin Trials. 2016.
  8. Linkova NS, et al. "Vascular elasticity and peptide signaling in aging." J Vasc Res. 2014.

Vesilut

  1. Khavinson et al., 2012: Reported restored urothelial structure and reduced inflammation in bladder-injured rodents
  2. Linkova et al., 2015: Demonstrated modulation of pain receptor gene expression and improved voiding function
  3. Morozov et al., 2016: Observed accelerated bladder epithelial repair and barrier recovery after chemical injury
  4. Trofimova et al., 2018: Found symptom relief in women with chronic interstitial cystitis and pelvic pain
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of bladder tissue regeneration." Urology. 2012.
  6. Linkova NS, et al. "Neuroinflammatory modulation in bladder pain syndrome." Neurourol Urodyn. 2015.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Tissue-specific peptides in urological epithelial healing." Int J Urol Res. 2016.
  8. Trofimova SV, et al. "Peptide bioregulators in chronic cystitis management." Clin Urol. 2018.

Vesugen

  1. Khavinson et al., 2003: Reported restoration of endothelial function and reduced oxidative stress in aged rodents
  2. Morozov et al., 2010: Demonstrated improved capillary perfusion and decreased vascular permeability
  3. Trofimova et al., 2015: Observed blood pressure normalization and reduced endothelial biomarkers in hypertensive patients
  4. Linkova et al., 2016: Showed increased EPC activity and angiogenesis in vascular injury models
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide bioregulation of vascular endothelium." Biogerontology. 2003.
  6. Morozov VG, et al. "Vesugen and microvascular health in aging." Int J Mol Med. 2010.
  7. Trofimova SV, et al. "Peptide-based endothelial recovery in hypertensive pathology." Clin Cardiol. 2015.
  8. Linkova NS, et al. "Endothelial progenitor activation by vascular peptides." J Vasc Biol. 2016.

Vilon

  1. Immune Function Studies: Clinical trials have shown Vilon to restore immune homeostasis in patients with immunodeficiencies and chronic illnesses.
  2. Anisimov, V.N. et al. "Peptide Bioregulators and Longevity: Evidence from Experimental and Clinical Studies." Journal of Gerontology, 2019
  3. Morozov, V.G., and Khavinson, V.K. "Peptide Regulation of Aging." Biology Bulletin Reviews, 2017
  4. "Immunomodulatory Effects of Vilon in Chronic Inflammatory Conditions." Clinical Immunology Research, 2020

Visoluten

  1. Khavinson et al., 2010: Reported improved retinal function and visual acuity in older patients after peptide treatment
  2. Linkova et al., 2013: Found reduced markers of retinal inflammation and oxidative stress in dry eye and glaucoma models
  3. Morozov et al., 2015: Observed increased BRB integrity and capillary stabilization in diabetic retinopathy models
  4. Trofimova et al., 2016: Noted preservation of optic nerve morphology in aging primates treated with ocular peptides
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide bioregulation of the visual system." Ophthalmol Rev. 2010.
  6. Linkova NS, et al. "Neuroprotective effects of Visoluten in retinal degeneration." J Ocul Biol. 2013.
  7. Morozov VG, et al. "Blood-retinal barrier restoration by peptide complexes." Retina. 2015.
  8. Trofimova SV, et al. "Optic nerve preservation and neuroregeneration." Eye Res Int. 2016.

Vladonix

  1. Khavinson et al., 2010: Showed improved thymic structure and increased T-cell output in elderly subjects
  2. Morozov et al., 2012: Documented cytokine normalization and restored immune tolerance in autoimmune-prone models
  3. Trofimova et al., 2014: Demonstrated faster recovery of CD4+/CD8+ ratios post-chemotherapy
  4. Linkova et al., 2015: Observed reduced infection rates and inflammatory markers in immunocompromised patients
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Thymic peptide bioregulators in immune restoration." Immunol Rev. 2010.
  6. Morozov VG, et al. "Epigenetic activation of thymic function in aged models." Aging Cell. 2012.
  7. Trofimova SV, et al. "Immune reconstitution with Vladonix post-chemotherapy." Oncol Rep. 2014.
  8. Linkova NS, et al. "Cytokine and T-cell modulation in chronic inflammation." Clin Immunol. 2015.

Zhenoluten

  1. Khavinson et al., 2013: Demonstrated improved estrous cycling and follicle counts in aging rodent models
  2. Morozov et al., 2015: Reported normalization of LH/FSH levels and ovulation in women with functional ovarian insufficiency
  3. Trofimova et al., 2016: Found increased STAR and CYP19A1 expression in ovarian tissue explants
  4. Linkova et al., 2018: Observed improved oocyte quality and reduced oxidative stress markers in women undergoing fertility treatment
  5. Khavinson V, et al. "Peptide regulation of ovarian function and reproductive aging." Reprod Biol. 2013.
  6. Morozov VG, et al. "Bioregulatory peptides and ovarian hormonal cycles." Gynecol Endocrinol. 2015.
  7. Trofimova SV, et al. "Zhenoluten-induced steroidogenic gene expression." J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016.
  8. Linkova NS, et al. "Peptide-based enhancement of oocyte and follicular integrity." Fertil Sci. 2018.