Bibliography

Back to Metabolic & Cellular Health

Curated references for Metabolic & Cellular Health.

Mitochondrial Function

  1. The journey to optimal health begins at the cellular level. MeScreen mitochondrial testing provides the first broadly accessible window into how efficiently your cells produce energy, handle stress, and maintain the biological resilience that determines healthspan. For those committed to moving beyond guesswork into data-driven optimization, mitochondrial function testing represents one of the most valuable investments in longevity science currently available.
  2. For readers interested in exploring MeScreen testing, subscription packages are available that make quarterly monitoring during the optimization phase more accessible, with the understanding that testing frequency can decrease to twice-yearly once stable and optimal function is achieved.

Methylene Blue

  1. Rodriguez P, et al. Methylene blue modulates functional connectivity in the human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016. (fMRI study documenting acute cognitive effects in healthy adults)
  2. Gonzalez-Lima F, Barksdale BR, Rojas JC. Mitochondrial respiration as a target for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2014. (Review of methylene blue's hormetic effects and therapeutic window)
  3. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Serious CNS reactions possible when methylene blue is given to patients taking certain psychiatric medications. Updated 2016. (Black Box Warning documentation)
  4. Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Low-level light therapy improves cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2012. (Comparison of methylene blue with red light therapy effects)

NAD+

  1. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. 2. Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF. NAD+ in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):630-655. 3. Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. 2022;8:5. 4. Yi L, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43. 5. Vinten AGH, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990. 6. Shade C. The science behind NMN-A stable, reliable NAD+ activator and anti-aging molecule. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020;19(1):12-14. 7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: The in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. 8. Nacarelli T, et al. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:397-407. 9. Maric T, et al. Nicotinamide riboside activates a futile cycle in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12 Supplement):3149. 10. Elhassan YS, et al. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation is not associated with altered methylation homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience. 2023;26(2):106076. 11. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJ, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7):e13943. 12. Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Chini EN. NAD+ metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14170. 13. Alijani N, Yousefi M, Bazshahi E, et al. Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Human Sirtuin 1: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(9):1299-1314.
  2. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.002
  3. Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF. NAD+ in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):630-655. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.001
  4. Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. 2022;8:5. doi: 10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z
  5. Yi L, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1
  6. Vinten AGH, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990. doi: 10.1038/s42255-025-01387-7
  7. Shade C. The science behind NMN—A stable, reliable NAD+ activator and anti-aging molecule. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020;19(1):12-14.
  8. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: The in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011
  9. Nacarelli T, et al. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:397-407. doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0287-4
  10. Maric T, et al. Nicotinamide riboside activates a futile cycle in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12 Supplement):3149. doi: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2022-3149
  11. Elhassan YS, et al. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation is not associated with altered methylation homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience. 2023;26(2):106076. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106076
  12. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJ, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7):e13943. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202113943
  13. Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Chini EN. NAD+ metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14170. doi: 10.1111/acel.14170
  14. Alijani N, Yousefi M, Bazshahi E, et al. Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Human Sirtuin 1: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(9):1299-1314. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2025.03.011

General

  1. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528.
  2. Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF. NAD+ in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):630-655.
  3. Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. 2022;8:5.
  4. Yi L, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43.
  5. Vinten AGH, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990.
  6. Shade C. The science behind NMN-A stable, reliable NAD+ activator and anti-aging molecule. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020;19(1):12-14.
  7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: The in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547.
  8. Nacarelli T, et al. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:397-407.
  9. Maric T, et al. Nicotinamide riboside activates a futile cycle in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12 Supplement):3149.
  10. Elhassan YS, et al. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation is not associated with altered methylation homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience. 2023;26(2):106076.
  11. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJ, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7):e13943.
  12. Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Chini EN. NAD+ metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14170.
  13. Alijani N, Yousefi M, Bazshahi E, et al. Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Human Sirtuin 1: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(9):1299-1314.
  14. Apperloo JJM, et al. Effectiveness and safety of combining SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41117973/
  15. Riley DR, Essa H, Austin P, et al. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and with combination therapy in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25(10):2897-2909. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.15185
  16. Neuen BL, Heerspink HJL, Vart P, et al. Estimated Lifetime Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Mortality Benefits of Combination Treatment With SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Nonsteroidal MRA Compared With Conventional Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Albuminuria. Circulation. 2024;149(6):450-462. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952217/
  17. Comparative efficacy of GLP-1 RAs/SGLT-2 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes according to baseline use of metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39773332/
  18. Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1577-1585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z
  19. The American Diabetes Association Releases Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025. American Diabetes Association. https://diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/american-diabetes-association-releases-standards-care-diabetes-2025
  20. Summary of Revisions: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11635056/
  21. JARDIANCE (empagliflozin) prescribing information. DailyMed. Updated 2026. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075
  22. FARXIGA (dapagliflozin) prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=40cc4f5d-bcf6-4016-9d1e-838bbc4bdddc&type=display
  23. INVOKANA (canagliflozin) prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8d5f892b-e4f3-4a9e-9a91-95e2fca34144
  24. FDA removes Boxed Warning about risk of leg and foot amputations for the diabetes medicine canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet, Invokamet XR). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/fda-drug-safety-podcasts/fda-removes-boxed-warning-about-risk-leg-and-foot-amputations-diabetes-medicine-canagliflozin
  25. Cannon CP, Pratley R, Dagogo-Jack S, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Ertugliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32966714/
  26. BRENZAVVY (bexagliflozin) prescribing information. https://brenzavvy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Brenzavvy-Prescribing-Information-PI-001-07.pdf
  27. Drug Trials Snapshots: INPEFA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trials-snapshots-inpefa
  28. INPEFA (sotagliflozin) prescribing information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216203s000lbl.pdf
  29. OZEMPIC (semaglutide) prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/getFile.cfm?setid=adec4fd2-6858-4c99-91d4-531f5f2a2d79&type=pdf
  30. How Much Does Jardiance Cost Without Insurance? GoodRx. https://www.goodrx.com/jardiance/how-much-jardiance-costs-without-insurance
  31. Farxiga 2026 Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips. GoodRx. https://www.goodrx.com/farxiga
  32. TheracosBio Extends Partnership with Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company for BRENZAVVY access. https://theracosbio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/TheracosBio_MCCPDC_for_Businesses_2_14_24_FINAL.pdf

By Article

A Stack Worth Knowing About

  1. Apperloo JJM, et al. Effectiveness and safety of combining SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41117973/
  2. Riley DR, Essa H, Austin P, et al. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and with combination therapy in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25(10):2897-2909. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.15185
  3. Neuen BL, Heerspink HJL, Vart P, et al. Estimated Lifetime Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Mortality Benefits of Combination Treatment With SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Nonsteroidal MRA Compared With Conventional Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Albuminuria. Circulation. 2024;149(6):450-462. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952217/
  4. Comparative efficacy of GLP-1 RAs/SGLT-2 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes according to baseline use of metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39773332/
  5. Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1577-1585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z
  6. The American Diabetes Association Releases Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025. American Diabetes Association. https://diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/american-diabetes-association-releases-standards-care-diabetes-2025
  7. Summary of Revisions: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11635056/
  8. JARDIANCE (empagliflozin) prescribing information. DailyMed. Updated 2026. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075
  9. FARXIGA (dapagliflozin) prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=40cc4f5d-bcf6-4016-9d1e-838bbc4bdddc&type=display
  10. INVOKANA (canagliflozin) prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8d5f892b-e4f3-4a9e-9a91-95e2fca34144
  11. FDA removes Boxed Warning about risk of leg and foot amputations for the diabetes medicine canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet, Invokamet XR). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/fda-drug-safety-podcasts/fda-removes-boxed-warning-about-risk-leg-and-foot-amputations-diabetes-medicine-canagliflozin
  12. Cannon CP, Pratley R, Dagogo-Jack S, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Ertugliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32966714/
  13. BRENZAVVY (bexagliflozin) prescribing information. https://brenzavvy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Brenzavvy-Prescribing-Information-PI-001-07.pdf
  14. Drug Trials Snapshots: INPEFA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trials-snapshots-inpefa
  15. INPEFA (sotagliflozin) prescribing information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216203s000lbl.pdf
  16. OZEMPIC (semaglutide) prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/getFile.cfm?setid=adec4fd2-6858-4c99-91d4-531f5f2a2d79&type=pdf
  17. How Much Does Jardiance Cost Without Insurance? GoodRx. https://www.goodrx.com/jardiance/how-much-jardiance-costs-without-insurance
  18. Farxiga 2026 Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips. GoodRx. https://www.goodrx.com/farxiga
  19. TheracosBio Extends Partnership with Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company for BRENZAVVY access. https://theracosbio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/TheracosBio_MCCPDC_for_Businesses_2_14_24_FINAL.pdf

NAD+ is fuel

  1. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.002
  2. Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF. NAD+ in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):630-655. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.001
  3. Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. 2022;8:5. doi: 10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z
  4. Yi L, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1
  5. Vinten AGH, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990. doi: 10.1038/s42255-025-01387-7
  6. Shade C. The science behind NMN—A stable, reliable NAD+ activator and anti-aging molecule. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020;19(1):12-14.
  7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: The in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011
  8. Nacarelli T, et al. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:397-407. doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0287-4
  9. Maric T, et al. Nicotinamide riboside activates a futile cycle in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12 Supplement):3149. doi: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2022-3149
  10. Elhassan YS, et al. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation is not associated with altered methylation homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience. 2023;26(2):106076. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106076
  11. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJ, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7):e13943. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202113943
  12. Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Chini EN. NAD+ metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14170. doi: 10.1111/acel.14170
  13. Alijani N, Yousefi M, Bazshahi E, et al. Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Human Sirtuin 1: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(9):1299-1314. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2025.03.011

NAD+ is fuel

  1. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.002
  2. Lautrup S, Sinclair DA, Mattson MP, Fang EF. NAD+ in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):630-655. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.001
  3. Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. 2022;8:5. doi: 10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z
  4. Yi L, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1
  5. Vinten AGH, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990. doi: 10.1038/s42255-025-01387-7
  6. Shade C. The science behind NMN—A stable, reliable NAD+ activator and anti-aging molecule. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020;19(1):12-14.
  7. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: The in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011
  8. Nacarelli T, et al. NAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:397-407. doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0287-4
  9. Maric T, et al. Nicotinamide riboside activates a futile cycle in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82(12 Supplement):3149. doi: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2022-3149
  10. Elhassan YS, et al. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation is not associated with altered methylation homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience. 2023;26(2):106076. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106076
  11. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJ, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7):e13943. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202113943
  12. Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Chini EN. NAD+ metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14170. doi: 10.1111/acel.14170
  13. Alijani N, Yousefi M, Bazshahi E, et al. Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Human Sirtuin 1: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(9):1299-1314. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2025.03.011