Bibliography

Back to Exercise

Curated references for Exercise.

Mobility & Stability

  1. World Health Organization. Physical Activity Guidelines. https://www.who.int/initiatives/behealthy/physical-activity
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/adults.html
  3. Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(6):e183605. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707428
  4. Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Franklin B, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and heart failure incidence. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(4):436-444. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30646252/
  5. Myers J, Kaminsky LA, Lima R, et al. A Reference Equation for Normal Standards for VO2 Max: Analysis From the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND Registry). Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62(1):21-29. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11103301/
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/older-adults.html
  7. IMS Magazine. Why is Endurance Training So Beneficial to Our Health? A Breakdown of What Happens to the Cardiovascular System. November 2024. https://imsmagazine.com/2024/11/10/why-is-endurance-training-so-beneficial-to-our-health-a-breakdown-of-what-happens-to-the-cardiovascular-system/
  8. Meng Q, Lin MS, Tzeng IS. Relationship Between Exercise and Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Literature Review. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:131. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7846545/
  9. Domaszewska K, Wochna K, Thielemann A, Kostencka A, Jastrzębska J. Effects of multimodal exercise programs on cognitive functions and physical performance in older adults: A systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24:300. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043276/
  10. Zwierko M, Jastrzębski Z, Radziminski L, et al. Sport and longevity: an observational study of international athletes. GeroScience. 2024;46:6157-6172. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11357-024-01307-9
  11. Kuss O, Kluttig A, Greiser KH. Longevity of Polish top-class athletes compared to other social elites and well-known people. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2011;24(4):335-344. https://ijomeh.eu/Longevity-of-Polish-top-class-athletes-compared-to-other-social-elites-and-well-known,191310,0,2.html
  12. Kono I, Kitao H, Matsuda M, et al. Weight reduction in athletes may adversely affect the phagocytic function of monocytes. Phys Sportsmed. 1988;16(5):56-65. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7474495/
  13. Clarke PM, Walter SJ, Hayen A, Mallon WJ, Heijmans J, Studdert DM. Survival of the fittest: retrospective cohort study of the longevity of Olympic medallists in the modern era. BMJ. 2012;345:e8308. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025619614005199
  14. Ducher G, Tournaire N, Meddahi-Pellé A, Benhamou CL, Courteix D. Short-term and long-term site-specific effects of tennis playing on trabecular and cortical bone at the distal radius. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(6):484-490. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16099730/
  15. Sleiman SF, Henry J, Al-Haddad R, et al. Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate. eLife. 2016;5:e15092. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6613032/
  16. Marques A, Santos DA, Hillman CH, Sardinha LB. How does academic achievement relate to cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity and objectively reported physical activity: a systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(16):1039. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6027933/
  17. Hojman P, Gehl J, Christensen JF, Pedersen BK. Molecular Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Cell Metab. 2018;27(1):10-21. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0a0528f0db402aa2ac8faee1a2855eb0501541fe
  18. Britt EC, John SW. The coordination of lymphocyte mechanobiology in health and disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:940516. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.940516/full
  19. Morales LA, Cruz SL. The Mechanical Stress Experienced by the Heart Related to Cardiac Hypertrophy and Ventricular Mass. REMCA. 2020;11(3):507. https://remca.umet.edu.ec/index.php/REMCA/article/view/507
  20. Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, et al. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1(1):CD012424. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30703272/
  21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adding Physical Activity: Important Considerations for Older Adults. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/adding-older-adults/index.html
  22. BodySpec. VO2 Max Chart: Benchmarks and Insights for Cardiovascular Health. https://www.bodyspec.com/blog/post/vo_max_chart_benchmarks_and_insights_for_cardiovascular_health
  23. De Strijcker D, Lapauw B, Ouwens DM, Van de Velde D, Hansen D, Petrovic M, Cuvelier C, Tonoli C, Calders P. High intensity interval training is associated with greater impact on physical fitness, insulin sensitivity and muscle mitochondrial content in males with overweight/obesity, as opposed to continuous endurance training: a randomized controlled trial. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2018 Jun;18(2):215-226. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29855444/
  24. O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, O'Keefe EL. The Goldilocks Zone for Exercise: Not Too Little, Not Too Much. Missouri Medicine. 2018;115(2):98-105. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6139866/
  25. O'Keefe JH, Patil HR, Lavie CJ, Magalski A, Vogel RA, McCullough PA. Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(6):587-595. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538475/

Strength & Power

  1. Power and Mortality: Araújo CGS, de Souza e Silva CG, et al. Muscle power versus strength as a predictor of mortality in middle-aged and older men and women. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2025;100(4).
  2. Park S, et al. Muscle power, strength, mass associations with all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2024.
  3. mTOR and Aging: Blagosklonny MV. Aging is not programmed: Genetic pseudo-program is a shadow of developmental growth. Cell Cycle. 2013.
  4. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease. Nature. 2013.
  5. Kennedy BK, Lamming DW. The mechanistic target of rapamycin: The grand conductor of metabolism and aging. Cell Metabolism. 2016.
  6. Rapamycin and Longevity: Harrison DE, et al. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature. 2009.
  7. Miller RA, et al. Rapamycin, but not resveratrol or simvastatin, extends life span of genetically heterogeneous mice. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2011.
  8. Muscle Growth Mechanisms: Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010.
  9. Bodine SC, et al. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science. 2001.
  10. Rapamycin and Muscle: Passtoors WM, et al. mTOR inhibition and muscle preservation. Aging Cell. 2013.
  11. Dynapenia vs Sarcopenia: Manini TM, Clark BC. Dynapenia and aging: an update. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2012.
  12. Clark BC, Manini TM. What is dynapenia? Nutrition. 2012.
  13. Newman AB, et al. Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2006.
  14. Sarcopenia and Mortality: Wang H, et al. Skeletal muscle mass as a mortality predictor among nonagenarians and centenarians: A prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:2420.
  15. Fast-Twitch Fiber Loss: Verdijk LB, et al. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type-specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2009.
  16. Lexell J, et al. What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old men. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1988.
  17. Laron Syndrome: Guevara-Aguirre J, et al. Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. Science Translational Medicine. 2011.
  18. Training Guidelines: American College of Sports Medicine. Resistance training for health and fitness. 2011.
  19. World Health Organization. Physical activity guidelines. 2020.
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2020.

Aerobic Capacity

  1. Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, et al. Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(6):e183605.
  2. Storoschuk K, Gibala MJ, Gurd BJ. Much Ado About Zone 2: A Narrative Review Assessing the Efficacy of Low-Intensity Exercise for Improving Indices of Mitochondrial Content and Function. Sports Medicine. 2025.
  3. Helgerud J, Høydal K, Wang E, et al. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2007;39(4):665-671.
  4. Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Samuel IBH, et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Mortality Risk Across the Spectra of Age, Race, and Sex. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2022;80(6):598-609.
  5. Seiler S, Tønnessen E. Intervals, thresholds, and long slow distance: the role of intensity and duration in endurance training. Sportscience. 2009;13:32-53.
  6. Elousa R, Arquer A, Mont L, et al. Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2006;108(3):332-337.
  7. O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, O'Keefe EL. The Goldilocks Zone for Exercise: Not Too Little, Not Too Much. Missouri Medicine. 2018;115(2):98-105.