Bibliography

Back to Hormones

Curated references for Hormones.

Growth Hormone

  1. Fahy GM et al. Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescent trends in humans. Aging Cell, 2019. 2. Rudman D et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. New England Journal of Medicine, 1990. 3. Swerdlow AJ et al. Cancer risks in patients treated with growth hormone in childhood: the SAGhE European cohort study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2017. 4. Vance ML. Can growth hormone prevent aging? New England Journal of Medicine, 2003. 5. Teichman SL et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006. 6. Department of Justice, DEA Diversion Control Division. Human Growth Hormone Fact Sheet, 2019.

General

  1. Fahy GM et al. Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescent trends in humans. Aging Cell, 2019.
  2. Rudman D et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. New England Journal of Medicine, 1990.
  3. Swerdlow AJ et al. Cancer risks in patients treated with growth hormone in childhood: the SAGhE European cohort study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2017.
  4. Vance ML. Can growth hormone prevent aging? New England Journal of Medicine, 2003.
  5. Teichman SL et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006.
  6. Department of Justice, DEA Diversion Control Division. Human Growth Hormone Fact Sheet, 2019.

Low testosterone and the problem with normal

  1. Cleveland Clinic. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism): Symptoms & Treatment. Updated September 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
  2. Cleveland Clinic. Testosterone: What It Is, Function & Levels. Updated September 2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24101-testosterone
  3. Endocrine Center. Signs of Low Testosterone You May Not Be Aware Of. https://www.endocrinecenter.com/blog/signs-of-low-testosterone-you-may-not-be-aware-of
  4. MedlinePlus. Could You Have Low Testosterone? Updated April 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000722.htm
  5. Hone Health. Testosterone Levels By Age in Men: Chart & How to Test. Updated April 2024. https://honehealth.com/edge/testosterone-levels-by-age/
  6. Brentwood MD. Free Testosterone Levels By Age: Why "Normal" Isn't Good Enough. 2025. https://brentwoodmd.com/free-testosterone-levels-by-age/
  7. Everlywell. Normal Testosterone Levels by Age Chart. Updated April 2025. https://www.everlywell.com/blog/testosterone/normal-testosterone-levels-by-age-chart/
  8. Harvard Health Publishing. What's the Best Way to Test for Low Testosterone? September 2022. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/whats-the-best-way-to-test-for-low-testosterone
  9. MedlinePlus. Testosterone Levels Test. Updated 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/testosterone-levels-test/
  10. PMC / NIH. Diagnosing and Managing Low Serum Testosterone. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4255853/
  11. Mayo Clinic. Male Hypogonadism - Symptoms & Causes. Updated September 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354881
  12. University of Michigan Health Sparrow. Male Hypogonadism. Updated September 2024. https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/male-hypogonadism
  13. PMC / NIH. Low Testosterone in Adolescents & Young Adults. January 2020. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6966696/
  14. Medical News Today. Low Testosterone: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. January 2020. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322647

Testosterone, Explained: The Forms, The Routes, And Why We Use Daily Microdosing

  1. Campbell K, Muthigi A, Ghomeshi A, et al. *Safety Aspects and Rational Use of Testosterone Undecanoate in the Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency: Clinical Insights.* Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2023;15:73-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S383130
  2. Choi EJ, Xu P, Barham D, et al. *Comparison of Outcomes for Hypogonadal Men Treated with Intramuscular Testosterone Cypionate versus Subcutaneous Testosterone Enanthate.* J Urol. 2022;207(3):677-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002301
  3. Hadgraft J, Lane ME. *Transdermal delivery of testosterone.* Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;92:42-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.015
  4. Kaminetsky JC, Moclair B, Hemani M, Sand M. *A phase IV prospective evaluation of the safety and efficacy of extended release testosterone pellets for the treatment of male hypogonadism.* J Sex Med. 2011;8(4):1186-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02196.x
  5. Miner M, Wang C, Kaminetsky J, et al. *Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of oral testosterone undecanoate in males with hypogonadism.* Andrology. 2024;13(4):882-893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13747
  6. Spratt DI, Stewart II, Savage C, et al. *Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Is an Effective and Preferred Alternative to Intramuscular Injection: Demonstration in Female-to-Male Transgender Patients.* J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(7):2349-2355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00359
  7. Wilson DM, Kiang TKL, Ensom MHH. *Pharmacokinetics, safety, and patient acceptability of subcutaneous versus intramuscular testosterone injection for gender-affirming therapy: A pilot study.* Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(6):351-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170160

By Article

Low testosterone and the problem with normal

  1. Cleveland Clinic. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism): Symptoms & Treatment. Updated September 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
  2. Cleveland Clinic. Testosterone: What It Is, Function & Levels. Updated September 2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24101-testosterone
  3. Endocrine Center. Signs of Low Testosterone You May Not Be Aware Of. https://www.endocrinecenter.com/blog/signs-of-low-testosterone-you-may-not-be-aware-of
  4. MedlinePlus. Could You Have Low Testosterone? Updated April 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000722.htm
  5. Hone Health. Testosterone Levels By Age in Men: Chart & How to Test. Updated April 2024. https://honehealth.com/edge/testosterone-levels-by-age/
  6. Brentwood MD. Free Testosterone Levels By Age: Why "Normal" Isn't Good Enough. 2025. https://brentwoodmd.com/free-testosterone-levels-by-age/
  7. Everlywell. Normal Testosterone Levels by Age Chart. Updated April 2025. https://www.everlywell.com/blog/testosterone/normal-testosterone-levels-by-age-chart/
  8. Harvard Health Publishing. What's the Best Way to Test for Low Testosterone? September 2022. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/whats-the-best-way-to-test-for-low-testosterone
  9. MedlinePlus. Testosterone Levels Test. Updated 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/testosterone-levels-test/
  10. PMC / NIH. Diagnosing and Managing Low Serum Testosterone. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4255853/
  11. Mayo Clinic. Male Hypogonadism - Symptoms & Causes. Updated September 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354881
  12. University of Michigan Health Sparrow. Male Hypogonadism. Updated September 2024. https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/male-hypogonadism
  13. PMC / NIH. Low Testosterone in Adolescents & Young Adults. January 2020. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6966696/
  14. Medical News Today. Low Testosterone: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. January 2020. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322647

Testosterone, Explained: The Forms, The Routes, And Why We Use Daily Microdosing

  1. Campbell K, Muthigi A, Ghomeshi A, et al. *Safety Aspects and Rational Use of Testosterone Undecanoate in the Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency: Clinical Insights.* Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2023;15:73-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S383130
  2. Choi EJ, Xu P, Barham D, et al. *Comparison of Outcomes for Hypogonadal Men Treated with Intramuscular Testosterone Cypionate versus Subcutaneous Testosterone Enanthate.* J Urol. 2022;207(3):677-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002301
  3. Hadgraft J, Lane ME. *Transdermal delivery of testosterone.* Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;92:42-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.015
  4. Kaminetsky JC, Moclair B, Hemani M, Sand M. *A phase IV prospective evaluation of the safety and efficacy of extended release testosterone pellets for the treatment of male hypogonadism.* J Sex Med. 2011;8(4):1186-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02196.x
  5. Miner M, Wang C, Kaminetsky J, et al. *Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of oral testosterone undecanoate in males with hypogonadism.* Andrology. 2024;13(4):882-893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13747
  6. Spratt DI, Stewart II, Savage C, et al. *Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Is an Effective and Preferred Alternative to Intramuscular Injection: Demonstration in Female-to-Male Transgender Patients.* J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(7):2349-2355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00359
  7. Wilson DM, Kiang TKL, Ensom MHH. *Pharmacokinetics, safety, and patient acceptability of subcutaneous versus intramuscular testosterone injection for gender-affirming therapy: A pilot study.* Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(6):351-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170160